|
|
|
learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
énoncés en be + -ing
sens et valeurs énonciatives
anaphores (référenciations visuelles, contextuelles, linguistiques) et valeurs énonciatives
be + -ing
be + being + verbeau participe passé
modal + be + -ing
en -ing / be + -ing
Valeurs :
reprise, référence, reformulation, développement, commentaire, explication, justification, présupposé, conséquence, inférence,
emphase (= insistance, dramatisation)
He has $60bn to give to charity.
↑
How is he going to spend it?
énoncé 1
action potentielle, virtuelle :
He has $60bn to give to charity.
énoncé 2
à partir du déjà-dit (énoncé 1), l'énonciateur s'interroge sur l'actualisation / la réalisation de ce potentiel financier dans l'extra-linguistique / la réalité :
How is he going to spend it?
L'énonciateur se réfère ici à du déjà-formulé (référenciation linguistique), puis fait un développement logique, prévisible, non surprenant, en posant la question attendue :
Mais que va-t-il bien faire de cet argent ?
référenciation linguistique
référence à du déjà énoncé, reprise / reformulation / développement d'un déjà dit : "rebond" énonciatif
valeur énonciative possible > effet emphatique
He behaved like a wild man... ↑ He was acting crazy!
Police officer - He behaved like a wild man... ↑ He was acting crazy!
Climbing the Eiffel tower is forbidden.
We took only those measures necessary, I assure you and there is the small matter of animal cruelty!
↑
Tarzan - Animal cruelty? That man, Dahaml, is mistreating those apes! I was trying to help.
Police officer - By chasing them around the Eiffel tower?
There was only one ape on the tower and he was chasing me!
Tarzan Edgar Rice Burroughs GoComics June 18, 2023 https://www.gocomics.com/tarzan/2023/06/18
référenciations linguistique (référence à du déjà énoncé) + extralinguistique (référence à la réalité)
garçon: Where are we going again? Recherche d'une référenciation spatiale, visuelle (extra linguistique).
garçon: I'm worried about these shoes. They're acting weird. Référenciation visuelle, commentaire.
I think they're developing consciousness. Référenciation visuelle, commentaire
mère: Maybe they're magic soccer shoes and they can't wait to play!
garçon: Mom! You're mocking me! Référenciation linguistique, commentaire portant sur l'énoncé de la mère.
I want some too!
mère: I. Am. Joking. Référenciation linguistique, commentaire portant sur l'énoncé du fils.
OKAY?
Cul de Sac Richard Thompson GoComics April 30, 2021 https://www.gocomics.com/culdesac/2021/04/30
référenciations linguistique (déjà dit) + extralinguistique (déjà perçu)
Enonciateur 1 / énoncé 1 Anaphore / référenciation visuelle (référence à du déjà-vu, perçu, observé) :
Ugh. They've built another cell phone tower!
Enonciateur 2 / énoncé 2 Anaphore / référenciation linguistique et contextuelle (référence à du déjà-dit, mais aussi à du déjà-vu) :
They seem to be popping up everywhere!
Anaphore linguistique et visuelle
L'énonciateur 2 répond à, reprend / développe / commente l'énoncé 1, tout en voyant lui-aussi les antennes-relais.
Jeff Koterba editorial cartoon Omaha World Herald, NE Cagle 3 February 2006 http://cagle.msnbc.com/politicalcartoons/PCcartoons/koterba.asp
référenciation extralinguistique > référenciation visuelle
What a crummy place to be voting!
[ infinitif en -ing ]
Joe Heller editorial cartoon Wisconsin The Green Bay Press-Gazette Cagle 2 August 2010
référenciation extralinguistique > référenciation visuelle
je dis que... après avoir vu / constaté / observé que...
You don't seem to be having a good time, Garfield
A keen observation
Garfield Classics Jim Davis GoComics April 25, 2021 https://www.gocomics.com/garfield-classics/2021/04/25
référenciation linguistique > référenciation textuelle
texte de référence : Israel Palestine conflict ↑ référenciation (anaphore) > reformulation > valeur > commentaire : I see the world is returning to normal
Jeff Stahler May 18, 2021 GoComics April 25, 2021 https://www.gocomics.com/jeffstahler/2021/05/18
Background: May 2021 > fall of Covid cases in the U.S. + new Israel-Gaza crisis
référenciations (anaphores) linguistique / textuelle + extralinguistique / visuelle
anaphore textuelle : référence à du déjà-dit, reformulation d'un déjà-dit pour en modifier / commenter / expliquer le sens
cartoon ci-dessous
référenciation visuelle (déjà-vu) + référenciation linguistique / textuelle : reprise d'un énoncé au présent simple par un énoncé en be + -ing :
Who watches this? [ présent simple ]
↑
Dude, we're watching it. [ beconjugué au présent + -ing ]
Who watches this? [ présent simple ]
Dude we're watching it. [ reformulation en en be + -ing ]
Doonesbury comics Garry Trudeau GoComics April 04, 2021 https://www.gocomics.com/doonesbury/2021/04/04
valeur de be + -ing dans ce contexte (des amis regardent un jeu télévisé consternant)
Dernière case :
l'énonciateur de Dude, we're watching it fait un retour sur ce qui vient de lui être dit / sur la question qui vient de lui être posée :
Who watches this? [ présent simple ]
Traduction explicative : mais c'est tellement nul, qui peut regarder ça ?
La reprise en be + -ing, ici sous forme de réponse / réplique, - Dude, we're watching it. - tombe de façon laconique, sans apport de nouveaux mots, avec un sous-entendu ironique, pour que le co-énonciateur prenne bien conscience de ce qu'il vient de demander / du jeu consternant qu'il regarde à la télévision.
Traduction explicative : mais mon pote / gros, en fait est-ce que tu te rends compte que c'est nous qui regardons ça.
Transposons Dude, we're watching it au présent simple :
???! Dude, we watch it.
Cette transposition ne fait pas sens : on voit bien, a contrario, que be + -ing apporte un "plus" sémantique, renforce le message de l'énoncé théorique Dude, we watch it.
énoncé au présent simple + énoncé en be + -ing
Différence entre un énoncé au présent simple (ici en mode mineur, énonciateur en retrait) et un énoncé en be + -ing (ici en mode majeur, dramatisation, focalisation, forte implication du co-énonciateur you) :
"I quite understand that if you are being terrorized and your shop is being burned and you are being looted minutes seem like hours".
On This Day, The
Times, September 11, 1985,
The Guardian Film & Music p. 10 14 October 2005
The Guardian G2 p. 1 27 July 2005
1. Le texte ci-dessous comprend 2 déclencheurs de be + -ing :
- anaphore textuelle (ici référence à du déjà énoncé). Cette référenciation est marquée par -ing, qui est ici la trace, le marqueur linguistique du déjà écrit, déjà lu, déjà perçu.
- commentaire de l'énonciateur, qui souligne, recadre, met en évidence le sens d'un énoncé.
Sous-entendu : mais est-ce que vous vous rendiez compte ... ?, Vous avez vu ça ?, Vous avez bien vu / lu ?
It is past nine now. UM 006 has begun to put out a subtle gamey smell, the mild but unmistakable fetor of a butcher's shop on a hot day. John Cavanaugh calls down that there's pizza upstairs, and the three of us, Deb, Matt Mason and I, leave the dead man by himself. It feels a little rude. By half past eleven, all that remains is to get UM 006 into driving posture. He is slumped and leaning to one side. Cavanaugh takes the cadaver by the ankles and pushes back on him, to try to get him to sit up in the seat. He steps back. The cadaver slides toward him. He pushes again. This time he holds him while Matt encircles UM 006's knees and the entire circumference of the car seat with duct tape. "This probably won't make it into the '101 Uses' list," observes Matt. "His head's wrong," says John. "It needs to be straight ahead." More duct tape. The radio is playing the Romantics' That's What I Like About You. "He's slumping again." "Try the winch?" Deb loops a canvas strap under his arms and presses a button that raises a ceiling-mounted motor winch. The cadaver shrugs, slowly, and holds it, like a Borscht Belt comedian. He lifts slightly from his seat, and is lowered back down, sitting straighter now. "Good, perfect," says John. Everyone steps back. UM 006 has a comic's timing. He waits a beat, two beats, then slips forward again. You have to laugh. The absurdity of the scene and the punch-drunk hour are making it hard not to. Deb gets some pieces of foam to prop up his back, which seems to do the trick. Matt runs a final check of the connections. The radio - I'm not making this up - is playing Hit Me with Your Best Shot. Five more minutes pass. Matt fires the piston. It sounds a loud bang as it shoots out, though the impact itself is silent. UM 006 falls over, not like a villain shot in a Hollywood movie, but slowly, like an off-balance laundry sack. He falls over onto a foam pad set out for this purpose, and John and Deb step forward to steady him. And that's that. Without the screech of skidding tires and the crunch and fold of metal, an impact is neither violent nor disturbing. Distilled to its essence, controlled and planned, it is now simply science, no longer tragedy. Extracted from Stiff:
2. Anaphore contextuelle
Une anaphore ne renvoie pas toujours à un déjà-écrit.
Le titre de l'article ci-dessous, publié en octobre 2003, fait référence à un déjà-dit contextuel.
La question de savoir si l'on peut à nouveau passer ses vacances à Bali - Going back to Bali? - n'a rien de neuf ; nombre de touristes se la posent depuis les attentats de 2002.
Should we be going back to Bali?
A year after the bombings, the Foreign Office still says no - but the French and Germans say yes. John Aglionby visits the island to find out
Headline,
Big Brother Nineteen Eighty-Four (Michael Radford, 1984)
3. Anaphore textuelle, contextuelle et visuelle
Autre exemple d'anaphore, extrait du roman 1984 de George Orwell ;
le personnage principal, Winston, vit dans un monde totalitaire où le portrait du dictateur, Big Brother, est omniprésent :
Outside, even through the shut window-pane, the world looked cold. Down in the street little eddies of wind were whirling dust and torn paper into spirals, and though the sun was shining and the sky a harsh blue, there seemed to be no colour in anything, except the posters that were plastered everywhere. The black-moustachio'd face gazed down from every commanding corner. There was one on the house-front immediately opposite. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption said, while the dark eyes looked deep into Winston's own. Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 2, 1968 Penguin edition.
Le fait que Big Brother, et sa Thought Police, infiltrent et surveillent la population en permanence, est connu de tous.
L'avertissement n'est pas nouveau,
il est sans cesse ré-annoncé, relancé, répété, réitéré
L'anaphore (la référence) est ici à la fois :
- contextuelle (référence à un fait bien connu de l'opinion).
- textuelle (démultiplication des affiches, qui se reflètent les unes les autres).
- visuelle (le slogan renvoie aux yeux de Big Brother -> Traduction explicative : au cas où vous en doutiez, voici les yeux du dictateur, JE vous surveille, soyez-en sûr).
A l'inverse des anaphores qui apportent un complément d'information via une reformulation (étymologie : ana-phore > porter vers le haut), BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU est une séquence qui ne renvoie qu'à elle-même, et se reproduit à l'infini, à l'identique.
Ce slogan totalitaire ne peut connaître de développement, d'interrogation.
The Guardian > Work p. 1 24.9.2005
The Guardian p. 4 20.2.2006
4. Anaphore > Commentaire / point de vue
Dans les énoncés suivants, extraits d'un article du Herald (A Season of hope for economy), be + -ing a fonction de commentaire, avec une valeur emphatique (This is ...).
Cet article, au centre de la première page de l'International Herald Tribune, est présenté comme une News Analysis.
Le texte n'est pas informatif.
Le journaliste revient sur / reprend / commente des données économiques qui sont supposées connues, puisque au-dessus de cette analyse figure l'article informatif :
U.S. growth rate jumps to 7.2% Quarterly figure is highest since '84, but pace may slow as tax cuts wane
Headline / sub, IHT,
A la différence de l'analyse, cet article informatif ne comprend aucune occurrence de be + -ing, sauf dans deux citations, l'une d'un économiste et l'autre du président George W. Bush, qui font chacun un commentaire à tonalité emphatique / volontariste, une fois l'information connue :
"It looks like the economy is shrugging off its lethargy," said Richard Rippe, chief economist of Prudential Securities. (...) Speaking to campaign donors in Columbus after the report, Bush said: "We're laying the foundations for greater prosperity."
A la différence du texte informatif, le commentaire comprend plusieurs formes en be + -ing.
En voici le début :
This is the autumn of economic optimism.
Profits are soaring, the U.S. economy is expanding at its fastest rate in nearly two decades and there are signs that businesses are finally beginning to hire. That is in sharp contrast to the U.S. outlook just last winter. In February, share prices were falling, the economy was stumbling along at a 1.4 percent growth rate. The talk among many seers was of the failure of fiscal and monetary easing to rescue the economy. The specter of Japan-style deflation loomed. Headline and first §§, IHT, p.1,
31.10.2003,
Titre-commentaire (avec jeu de mot : la récolte des agriculteurs est une récolte record de paperasse administrative. On est dans le langage figuré, donc dans une énonciation seconde) extrait de la page Comment du Times :
Farmers are harvesting a bumper crop of red tape
A blizzard of crazy regulations is threatening the country's side future Headline / sub, T, p. 20, 5.11.2003.
Autres commentaires en be + -ing
Wall Street pulls back
Wall Street pulled back as wary investors decided to cash in recent gains despite upbeat news on IBM Corp. and Intel Corp. Analysts said many investors were again questioning current stock valuation levels after several weeks of advances. A suicide car bombing in Saudi Arabia that killed 17 people over the weekend also weighed on stocks. "People are being guarded," said Paul McManus, senior vice president and director of research at Independence Investment LLC. "People are looking at the market and wondering, 'Have I missed the rally, can I continue to be aggressive at these levels?"' Headline, sub and first §§, PA, 11.11.2003.
Commentaires du Financial Times (avec photo et nom en gros caractères du journaliste au-dessus de chaque premier paragraphe -> mise en évidence de l'énonciateur / énonciatrice).
L'anaphore prend ici diverses formes : simple reformulation de l'énoncé-titre de départ, sans apport majeur d'information (énoncés 1a-3), reprise d'un titre allusif avec développement informatif (les investisseurs se trompent - 2).
Dans ce type d'énoncés en be + -ing, le commentateur revient sur un fait marquant, une donnée significative, en se mettant en avant.
Son point de vue diffère de celui du journaliste d'agence anonyme qui rédige une dépêche, ou du journaliste de la presse audiovisuelle qui décrit un match ou un événement (information / description au présent perfect simple ou au présent simple).
1 - Protectionism emerges from dustbin of history
A spectre is haunting the global economy; the spectre of protectionism. This force is most powerful in the US, where the $500bn trade deficit is encouraging some to propose desperate measures. Headline and first §, FT, 8/9.11.2003.
2 - Spicy menu of Asian opportunity
The international investors currently piling into Asia are missing the point. Headline and first §, FT, 8/9.11.2003.
3 - Junk bonds making a comeback as companies diversify their finances
European companies are beginning to overcome their *reluctance to make use of "junk bonds". Headline and first §, FT, 8/9.11.2003.
5. Anaphore > pas d'information / les mots pour le redire >
6. Anaphore > reprise / reformulation simple, factuelle, sans commentaire
Qaeda Ally May Target U.S. Theaters, Schools -Report
Sun Mar 13, 2005
04:42 PM ET
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, al Qaeda's chief ally in Iraq, may be planning attacks on "soft targets" in the United States including movie theaters, restaurants and schools, Time magazine reported on Sunday. White House national security adviser Stephen Hadley would not discuss the specific warning, which Time said was circulated among U.S. security agencies last week in a restricted bulletin. But he said the administration was concerned about reports -- "which we think are very credible" -- that Zarqawi is working more closely with Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda organization. Qaeda Ally May
Target U.S. Theaters, Schools -Report,
BA wages long-haul price war
Top California fares to be cut by 42 per cent British Airways is extending the savage airline price war to long-haul routes with a summer offensive that will see ticket prices fall by up to 42 per cent.
Headline, sub and §1,
US probes deaths of 37 Afghan and Iraqi detainees
American investigators are investigating the deaths of 37 detainees held in US custody in Iraq and Afghanistan, it emerged yesterday.
Headline and §1, O, 23.5.2004
Indian television crews and photographers had turned out in droves to the event after rumours that Bollywood's reigning queen and the female lead of the film, Aishwarya Rai, was to plant a kiss on the Prince's cheek as one of her predecessors had done on a royal visit two decades ago. There was disappointment, however, when it was learned that the former Miss World would not be meeting her Prince, due to the overrunning of filming on location in Southern India. Article sur la visite de Prince
Charles en Inde,
Traduction explicative : ... lorsque l'on a appris que l'ex-Miss Monde ne rencontrerait pas, comme prévu / annoncé / pré-énoncé, son Prince ...
Enoncé premier
rumours that Bollywood's reigning queen and the female lead of the film, Aishwarya Rai, was to plant a kiss on the Prince's cheek
Equivalences théoriques / Reformulations
the female lead of the film, Aishwarya Rai was to meet the Prince
the female lead of the film, Aishwarya Rai will meet the Prince
Anaphore / Reformulation / Reprise des équivalences
the former Miss World would be meeting her Prince
Branson eyes £1bn float for Virgin Mobile
Britain's favourite businessman Richard Branson is considering a stock market flotation for Virgin Mobile, which will value it at about £1 billion.
Headline and §1, O, 18.1.2004,
7. Anaphore textuelle / contextuelle > reformulation > effet emphatique
Mike Lane editorial cartoon Baltimore Sun Cagle 5 March 2004 http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/cartoons/ http://cagle.slate.msn.com/politicalcartoons/PCcartoons/lane.asp
The pharmacy rip-offs Why you could be paying too much for your favourite product Headline and sub, ES, p. 24, 3.2.2004.
pharmacy rip-offs équivaut à / est repris par paying too much for your favourite product
While Tony Blair travels the world, the world is travelling here. As Oliver Letwin has pledged, under the Conservatives there'll be 80,000 fewer asylum seekers - and 40,000 more police officers. 'Get out of our
way - the Quiet Man is staying":
Record industry claims it is winning the battle against illegal music downloads
8. Anaphore en -ing / be + -ing
simple reprise
peu ou pas de développement informatif
Larry Wright editorial cartoon The Detroit News Detroit, Michigan Cagle 3 August 2010
IRA threats continue say McCartneys
Witnesses still intimidated, sisters claim
Witnesses to the murder of Robert McCartney are still being intimidated, his family alleged yesterday as it emerged that detectives are questioning a man expelled by the organisation in connection with the Belfast bar killing.
Headline, sub and §1, G, 10.3.2005,
L'article ci-dessus, en première page du Guardian, n'est pas le premier sur ce sujet ; la veille, ce journal avait déjà titré sur la famille McCartney.
La séquence being intimidated, qui précise l'information du titre, fait partie dans un continuum énonciatif.
Silence from Mars: hopes fade for missing Beagle
Hopes are fading for Beagle 2, the British space probe that was due to touch down on Mars early on Christmas day. Efforts to detect the probe's radio signal, which would indicate the Beagle had landed safely, have so far drawn a blank.
Headline
and §1, G, 27.12.2003,
Hutton: 48% think Blair lied
Poll reveals public pressure for resignation if PM criticised
Tony Blair is losing the battle for public opinion on two key issues - the Hutton inquiry and tuition fees - that will next week determine the fate of his premiership, according to the results of this month's Guardian/ICM opinion poll.
Headline, sub and
§1,
Anaphore renvoyant à une page précédente + mise au passif
Microsoft refines image after EU ruling
Titre en page 9, International Herald Tribune, mai 2004 (page de droite)
le lecteur / la lectrice tourne la page :
MICROSOFT: Its image is being refined Suite de l'article > Titre en page 10 (page de gauche)
Autre anaphore en -ing (pas en be + -ing) renvoyant à une page précédente :
Fireman awakes
A brain-damaged firefighter has suddenly begun to speak again after almost a decade in a coma
Information en première page de l'édition électronique du Times (5.5.2005).
Un clic sur Fireman awakes affiche l'article :
From James Bone in New York
THE wife of a brain-damaged American fireman who suddenly began speaking again after almost a decade of silence said yesterday that the family was trying to cope with the “incredible experience”. The Times, 5.5.2005,
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1598195,00.html - broken link
Voir aussi
begin + to -> Base Verbale / begin + N-ing
9. Anaphore >
Développement informatif / reformulation
Donor stem cells restore sight
Therapy which kickstarts repair could cut transplant need A pioneering stem cell treatment is restoring sight to patients who had given up hope of their eyes recovering from chemical accidents or disease, the surgeon behind the procedure said yesterday.
Headline, sub and §1, G,
29.4.2005,
Children's Fund faces 40% cut
Protest meeting on threat to Brown's pet scheme One of Gordon Brown's pet programmes, which he hailed as a new front in Labour's "war on poverty" four years ago, is facing a 40% budget cut which threatens to shut some children's charities.
Headline, sub and §1, G,
11.2.2004,
US Anglicans plot to break up church
American Anglican traditionalists are plotting the break-up of their national church and the creation of a new fundamentalist church in the wake of its consecration of the openly gay bishop Gene Robinson.
Headline and §1, G, 15.1.2004,
NHS sues drug companies over price-fixing claims
The NHS is suing seven pharmaceutical companies for £30m over allegations that they fixed the price of common antibiotics, it has emerged
Headline and §1,
Retailers braced for a miserable Christmas as shares tumble
High Street retailers are hoping for a last minute surge in sales as they face the prospect of the worst trading Christmas in years.
Headline and §1,
UK warns of more terrorist attacks
that more terrorist attacks are being planned in Turkey and urged British citizens not to travel to any major city in the country Web frontpage headline, sub and photo,
I, 21.11.2003.
Heads want safer buses for children
Head teachers are calling for a shake-up of the legislation governing school transportin England and Wales, claiming that animals carried on trucks are safer than the hundreds of thousands of youngsters ferried to and from school on sub-standard buses.
Headline and §1,
Black faces illegal payments inquiry
Conrad Black, the owner of The Daily Telegraph, is facing an investigation by American regulators into his financial affairs after unauthorised payments he received at Hollinger International forced his resignation as the group's chief executive yesterday.
Headline and first §,
Pretend you are gay, Church tells worshippers
Grassroots members of the Church of England are being urged to pretend to be gay to help them to better understand homosexuality. Bishops are urging worshippers to "walk in the moccasins" of those they disagree with by taking part in role-play n parish groups. Headline and §§ 1-2, T, 5.11.2003.
Disgruntled peers sabotage Blair's legislative plans
Tony Blair fears that his legislative programme is being sabotaged by hereditary peers who have helped to inflict 63 defeats on the Government in the House of Lords this year, the highest number since 1976. Headline and § 1, T, 5.11.2003.
One drop of blood can show diseases
A technique used to study light from distant galaxies is helping geneticiststrying to diagnose diseases from a single drop of blood. Headline and § 1, T, 5.11.2003.
10. Anaphore
conséquence, explication, justification + tonalité neutre ou emphatique
I was feeling threatened!
Traduction explicative : si j'ai tiré, vous voyez bien que c'est parce que je me sentais vraiment menacé!
Valeurs de be + -ing dans cet énoncé : explication, justification, emphase, dramatisation
John Darkow has been a professional cartoonist for over 20 years, spending the last 10 as the staff cartoonist at the Columbia Daily Tribune. He is syndicated internationally by Cagle Cartoons. Cagle 24 January 2013 http://www.cagle.com/politicalcartoons/page/5/#.UQTgXWeoR8E
référenciation linguistique (référence à du déjà énoncé)
Case 4
Mère : You're very quiet, Loomus.
[ comportement inhabituel pour Loomus, garçon souvent agité et insupportable.
Sa mère ne peut que s'étonner d'un tel calme :
replacée dans un contexte général, sa question est tout sauf anodine, neutre.
Les lecteurs / lectrices du comics savent que Loomus prépare sans cesse des coups avec ses amis les monstres, cachés derrière le fauteuil (case 5)
case 4 > remarque de la mère > sous-entendu : Je m'étonne de te voir aussi calme / Qu'est-ce que tu peux bien manigancer ? ]
Loomus : : I'm writing a letter to Santa.
Loomus Steven Appleby The Guardian Family p. 2 24 December 2005
Bien qu'il se superpose au temps de l'énonciation (Loomus fait - et en même temps explique ce qu'il fait -), I'm writing a letter to Santa a essentiellement une valeur non pas temporelle, mais anaphorique (référence, reprise, réponse à la remarque faite par sa mère), explicative et démonstrative :
Puisque tu me le demandes, j'écris une lettre au Père Noël...
Mais tu ne vois pas que j'écris une lettre au Père Noël ?!
je suis en train d'écrire une lettre au Père Noël.
Rappelons qu'en français, l'expression "être en train de" a une valeur emphatique qui n'est pas nécessairement liée au présent :
"T'es toujours en train de me rabaisser !"
"Si demain je suis en train de mourir, ça sera de ta faute!"
Dernière case > Contre-champ : on découvre que la lettre contient en fait une demande de rançon faite au père Noël.
En dépit des apparences, la réponse de Loomus est un mensonge.
référenciation linguistique (référence à du déjà énoncé / formulé)
valeur de be + -ing > justification
Gary Markstein editorial cartoon Copley News Service Cagle 13 January 2006 http://cagle.msnbc.com/politicalcartoons/PCcartoons/markstein.asp
Related http://www.cagle.com/news/AlitoHearings/main.asp
The Guardian Work p. 1 25 February 2006
Out with the old? From October, new ageism rules will mean laying off older staff could cost firms dear. Get rid of them now and the penalties are lower. What's a boss to do? By Ian Wylie and Chris Ball The Guardian Work p. 3 Saturday February 25, 2006
https://www.theguardian.com/money/2006/feb/25/
Dans le titre ci-dessus, now ne doit pas faire illusion.
Ce marqueur de temps ne déclenche pas ici be + -ing.
La question en be + -ing - présupposante - est une conséquence logique de l'affirmation Age discrimination will soon be illegal...
Cette question n'en est pas une. Les trois points de suspension sont présupposants et conséquentiels
Il sera bientôt illégal de discriminer une personne en raison de son âge :
ne serait-ce - être au présent du conditionnel - pas pour cela que les entreprises se débarrassent maintenant de leurs vieux employés ?
Dans le texte ci-dessous, Microsoft runs search for a way to take over internet giant Google, la première séquence en -ing est une reformulation / développement de l'information du titre et du sous-titre.
Valeur du deuxième énoncé en be + -ing : explication emphatique.
A noter le ":" explicatif - rare en anglais - dans l'énoncé But Google differs from the other dotcoms that rushed to join the stock market in a key respect: it is making money.
Microsoft runs search for a way to take over internet giant Google
The phenomenal success of Google, the internet search engine, has attracted the attention of the biggest name in hi-tech business, the Microsoft founder Bill Gates. Microsoft is said to be pursuing talks to buy the Silicon Valley firm. Google, which was started from scratch five years ago by two Stanford computer science graduate students, was recently valued at between $15bn and $25bn. According to a report in the New York Times, Microsoft executives have approached Google about a range of options, including a takeover by the software company, at meetings in the past two months. (...) The story of Google's rise recalls the tales of internet entrepreneurs during the gold rush of the late 90s. Sergey Brin and Larry Page were just 25 when they set the business up in 1998 from Mr Brin's dorm room. Its name was a play on the word "googol", coined for the number represented by one followed by 100 zeros. These days the business operates from offices, called the Googleplex, which bear the usual hallmarks of a dotcom firm, including the lava lamps and staff on scooters. But Google differs from the other dotcoms that rushed to join the stock market in a key respect: it is making money. It is expected to produce around $800m in revenues this year and up to $200m in profits, generated by selling advertising that appears alongside search results. It also licenses its technology to companies such as America Online. Headline and first §§, G, 1.11.2003, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2003/nov/01/ newmedia.microsoft
Article suivant :
l'énoncé en be + -ing donne l'explication du titre, l'argument.
Si notre machine de guerre devient folle, c'est que / parce que des milliards sont dépensés en pure perte dans des projets inutiles.
The folly of our war machine
Billions are being wasted on defence projects that will have no place in the type of future conflict Britain is likely to face
Comment, headline
and sub,
Une femme a reçu un embryon cloné (information donnée par le titre), donc elle espère donner naissance au premier être humain cloné :
Cloned embryo implanted in woman
A 35-year-old woman is hoping to give birth to the world's first cloned human being after a freshly-cloned embryo was implanted in her, US reproductive specialist Dr Panos Zavos has announced. Headline and sub, Ananova,
11. Marquage du connu, supposé, présupposé par -ing >
be + -ing est souvent utilisé dans les textes publicitaires pour présenter un produit comme étant déjà connu, faisant partie du quotidien.
Dans la publicité ci-dessous, downing a Hen fait référence à une habitude supposée bien connue du lecteur (le renard en bleu / le lecteur) : boire de la bière Hen.
-ing fait entrer own-a-Hen dans le discours familier, routinier, prévisible, préfabriqué.
Equivalent en français : J'me-taperais-bien-une-Kro-moi (Kro = bière Kronenbourg).
Traduction explicative : Comme tu le sais, je préfèrerais / j'aimerais bien -> boire / descendre / me taper une Hen.
Guardian frontpage 14 May 2004
The Guardian 19 June 2004
référenciation linguistique (référence à du déjà énoncé)
Listen to this, George. Astronomers say the number of stars in the sky are dropping.
Et je suppose / je parie qu'on dit que c'est ma faute?.
Larry Wright The Detroit News Cagle 16.4.2004 http://cagle.slate.msn.com/politicalcartoons/PCcartoons/wright.asp
R: U.S. President George W. Bush
Americans admit hand of Saddam may be guiding resistance operations against occupiers (...) The growing view that the former Iraqi leader may be co-ordinating the resistance, which claimed yet another soldier's life yesterday, was first reported by The New York Times yesterday. The revelation is bound to heighten doubts about the success of the invasion, and the ability of the occupation forces to restore stability, especially in the so-called Sunni Triangle to the north and west of the capital, where attacks on troops have been frequent.
Headline, I, 1.11.2003,
Voir aussi
Présupposé > questions en be + -ing
be + -ing
anaphore / intervention de l'énonciateur / l'énonciatrice
reprise, commentaire, présupposé, conséquence, inférence, emphase
autres énoncés
Joanne Drake, chief of staff for Reagan's office, told the Los Angeles Times Nancy Reagan was stunned by the affection being displayed for Reagan, beloved by many for his work in ending the Cold War but also reviled by some for his support of right-wing governments in Latin America and elsewhere. "It is unbelievable what I am seeing on TV," Drake quoted the former first lady as saying. "The outpouring of love for my husband is incredible." Reagan Starts Last
Journey to Washington, R, 9.6.2004,
Cathedral £4.5m in debt after millennium fiasco
Bradford Cathedral is facing a financial catastrophe after a failed millennium project left it with debts of £4.5m. Headline / sub,
G,
10.11.2003,
Wildcat postal strikes end after pledge on victimisation
The Royal Mail could take between three and four weeks to clear a backlog of letters left by wildcat strikes which appeared to be coming to an end yesterday. As more than 20,000 wildcat strikers began returning to work yesterday, the Post Office started the hefty task dealing with a backlog of tens of millions of letters, by re-opening sealed letter boxes and urging the public to "carry on posting".
Headline and sub, I, 4.11.2003,
Wildlife threatened by sweeping reforms of countryside watchdogs
Ministers are preparing to weaken protection for wildlife and the countryside in an unprecedented shake-up of England's official watchdogs. The move, which is certain to cause a public outcry, is being seen as revenge for a successful obstruction of the Government's push for GM crops, and as a pre-emptive strike to undermine opposition to building new roads, reservoirs and airport runways across the country. Ministers vigorously deny having ulterior motives, but are planning to push the changes through without holding the public consultation traditionally undertaken before changes of this kind.
Headline and first §§,
IoS, 2.11.2003,
Estate agents urge buyers to lie about income to get mortgage
First-time home buyers are being encouraged to lie about their incomes by mortgage brokers in some of Britain's biggest estate agents, an investigation says today.
Headline and §1, G, 29.10.2003,
New drug scandal shakes sport Olympic champions among athletes accused of cheating
Leading British athletes are facing a rigorous investigation to discover whether they have been using a new "designer" anabolic steroid that is threatening to shatter the credibility of athletics less than a year before the Olympics in Athens.
Headline,
sub, §1,
Prescott index shows house prices remain buoyant
House prices are continuing to show strong growth, with more than £2,700 added to the value of a typical home in August, according to new government figures.
Headline and §1, G,
14.10.2003,
Lethal replicas fuel gun crime fears
The menace of gun crime, highlighted by a recent spate of murders across England, is being exacerbated by a growing supply of replica guns converted to fire live ammunition, a Scotland Yard analysis has concluded.
Headline and §1,
G, 11.10.2003,
Kids know him as Harry Potter's pal Nearly Headless Nick. But back in the day, John Cleese used to star in Monty Python, whose hilarious "Meaning of Life" will soon be released on DVD. NEWSWEEK's Andrew Phillips quizzed Cleese about the old days and those to come: (...) I hope the new DVD has some wild outtakes. I haven't seen it myself. I have not reached that sad stage of sitting at home in the evenings and watching my own movies. I will say, in my final week, as I lie there at the age of 104, I shall no doubt be watching this DVD with my 18-year-old bride. Periscope, QA, John Cleese, N, 15.9.2003. Question en gras dans l'article.
BBC accused of plot to stop rivals showing its classics
The BBC is being accused by senior industry executives of "discriminatory trading" to prevent its classic television programmes being shown by rival broadcasters. Headline and first paragraph,
Devotees of Lord of the Rings will think they have died and gone to Middle Earth. From today, hundreds of props, costumes and and gadgetry from the epic production of the JJR Tolkien trilogy, directed by Peter Jackson, go on display in a £750,000 show in London. The exhibition is being held at London's Science Museum in South Kensington, founded from the proceeds of the Great Exhibition. It's a hit -
All available West Midlands detectives were called in yesterday to launch a murder inquiry and investigation into the looting, arson, and violent assaults. (...) The Home Secretary arrived at the top of Lozells Road, scene of the the worst looting and arson on Monday, at 1.30pm yesterday. (...) The group moved on down Lozells Road, to talk to some of the Asian shop owners worst hit by Monday's riot and looting, the stoning attacks became more intense and the minister's entourage looked in danger of being surrendered. (...) But Mr Hurd rejected criticism of the police and fire services "I quite understand that if you are being terrorized and your shop is being burned and you are being looted minutes seem like hours". On This Day, The
Times, September 11, 1985,
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
Present Perfect > Breaking news
|
|
|
