learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé

be + -ing

énoncés en be + -ing

sens et valeurs énonciatives

légendes de photographies

présent en be + -ing

≠

présent simple
 

subjectivité > dire, commenter

avec le présent en beconjugué au présent + -ing

≠

objectivité > décrire

avec le présent simple

An Afghan refugee

whose house was demolished by heavy flooding,

washes

[ description : présent simple ]

himself amidst the rubble

in Azakhel near Peshawar,

Pakistan Wednesday, Sept. 1, 2010.

Thousands of Afghan refugees here

are struggling to recover from a double tragedy,

seeing their homes across the border engulfed by war

and then their refugee camps here demolished by floods.

[ commentaire,

apport informatif d'éléments

non visibles sur la photo :

présent en be + -ing ]

Photograph: Mohammad Sajjad

AP

Boston Globe > Big Picture > Pakistan in need

September 6, 2010

http://archive.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/09/
pakistan_in_need.html - broken link

Internally displaced Pakistani women wait

[ description : présent simple ]

for relief goods in Larkana

on September 3, 2010.

Relief efforts in flood-ravaged Pakistan

are being stretched by the "unprecedented scale" of the disaster,

while funding has almost stalled,

the UN said on September 2.

 [ commentaire,

apport informatif

d'éléments non visibles sur la photo :

présent en -ing ]

Photograph: ADEK BERRY

AFP/Getty Images

Boston Globe > Big Picture > Pakistan in need

September 6, 2010

http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/09/pakistan_in_need.html

Glenn 'The Daddy' Ross, of Ireland, lifts

[ description : présent simple ]

a 156kg atlas stone

at the World Strongman Cup final

in Edmonton, Canada on Saturday.

Fourteen athletes competed

in the nine-event series,

with the American David Ostlung

taking the overall title.

The Guardian    p. 22    14 December 2004

Les légendes

de photographies de presse,

lorsqu'elles décrivent l'image,

sont souvent au présent simple.

L'énonciateur / l'énonciatrice

n'intervient pas pour donner un "+",

pour interpréter, expliquer,

commenter ou signifier l'image.

L'image,

dans le contexte de la page du journal,

est suffisamment signifiante / "parlante" :

A Thai man searches

[ description : présent simple ]

a list of names at a rescue center in Phuket

for clues to the fate of a family member

missing since Sunday

Grim search awaits relatives

at resort turned into a charnel house

Identification of dead in Phuket

becomes a near impossibility

G

Fri 31 Dec 2004    19.08 EST

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/01/
tsunami2004.jasonburke

BLOODIED:

U.S. troops inspect a car bombing

in Baghdad that left four G.I.s wounded

[ description : présent simple ]

MAX BECHERER / POLARIS FOR TIME

4 October 2004

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101041004-702111,00.html - broken link

President Reagan's cortege

passes the White House in its procession

along Constitution Avenue to the lying in state

[ description : présent simple ]

The Guardian

10 June 2004

After hearing fire,

Sgt. Michael Hughson uses a vehicle as a shield

in front of the Abu Hanifa mosque,

the heart of Adhamiya district

[ description : présent simple ]

Time, Person of the Year 2003,

FROM THE DECEMBER 29, 2003 ISSUE OF TIME MAGAZINE;

POSTED SUNDAY, DECEMBER 21, 2003

JAMES NACHTWEY/VII FOR TIME

Secret service ...

President Bush

carries a Thanksgiving turkey for troops

on visit to Baghdad

[ description : présent simple ]

Sun

28 November 2003

http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2-2003551172,00.html - broken link

GLORIOUS:

Jonny scores that World

Cup-winning drop goal for victory

DROP OF THE WORLD:

A PERFECT 10:

Fans congratulate Jonny Wilkinson

as he leaves field

[ description : présent simple ]

NoW

23 November 2003

Une légende descriptive

peut être en be + -ing

lorsque son rédacteur

e veut (dé)monstratif,

focalisant l'attention du lecteur

sur un élément de l'image.

Dans la relation texte / photo

ci-dessous,

la séquence en be + -ing

fonctionne comme un index invisible,

une mise sur le devant de la scène :

regardez,

ce qui est important

dans cet ensemble,

c'est le président des Etats-Unis

et surtout

ce qu'il montre / présente :

Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff (L)

looks toward President Bush,

who is holding up a copy

of the "Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned"

during a cabinet meeting

at the White House in Washington,

February 23, 2006.

L'autre photographie de cette dépêche

est un recadrage de la première.

A noter que dans la mise en page,

cette photo recadrée s'affiche en tête,

bien en évidence à gauche du texte,

la photo originale apparaissant en vignette,

juste en-dessous.

Il n'y a plus ici à pointer du doigt

- de façon discursive -

le président et son rapport.

Un "recadrage" en be + -ing

serait donc inutile

et la légende est logiquement

au présent simple :

U.S. President George W. Bush holds up a copy

of "Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina:

Lessons Learned"

during a cabinet meeting

at the White House in Washington,

February 23, 2006.

Kunitake Ando, the president of Sony,

plans to revamp the company's product lineup.

He is holding a cellphone that plays music and movies, left,

and a thin digital camera.

https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/08/
business/business-as-newcomers-swarm-sony-girds-for-a-fight.html 

Members of the Black Watch regiment at Camp Dogwood,

one of whom is holding a flyer for distribution to local people

as part of the army' "hearts and minds" campaign.

http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/mtrail/about.htm

Dans une légende,

le "gros plan"

peut être uniquement discursif,

sans point de recentrage dans l'image.

Dans cet épisode

du comics américain Mark Trail,

la troisième case en haut

ne présente aucun détail

qui puisse attirer l'oeil du lecteur.

be + -ing fonctionne ici

de façon autonome,

purement linguistique :

dire plutôt que décrire

(la description s'effectuant

via le présent simple).

Comme souvent

dans les énoncés en be + -ing,

le co-énonciateur / la co-énonciatrice

ne peut pas voir ce qui est dit.

Plan d'ensemble au présent simple :

When salmon migrate = salmon migration

Gros plan discursif

(développement explicatif) en be + -ing :

Moi énonciateur / énonciatrice,

je vous apprends ce qui se passe

lors de cette migration,

je vous dis, je vous explique

ce que vous ne pouvez pas voir :

they are seeking freshwater streams for spawning

some animals are looking for good egg-laying sites

others are mainly trying to stay ahead of inhospitable weather conditions

2e case en bas >

même temps de départ (présent simple) :

when the southwest variety of ladybugs are ready to hibernate,

mais ce qui suit

reste au présent simple :

they fly to the higher elevations

Il s'agit d'une description,

le lecteur peut voir les ladybugs,

l'énonciateur n'a rien à dire,

il décrit :

be + -ing serait ici redondant.

http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/mtrail/about.htm

Autre exemple de légende descriptive au présent simple :

http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/fgordon/about.htm

photos de presse

légendes en be + -ing

sens et valeurs énonciatives

interprétation, monstration,

majoration sémantique, métaphore

A vampire bat whose saliva contains an anti-coagulant

which Paion is developing for use by stroke victims

https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/jan/14/
medicineandhealth.lifeandhealth

Lorsque la légende ne décrit pas l'image,

mais la met en perspective,

la commente ou l'explique,

ou reprend l'information de l'article

en la développant,

elle est souvent au présent en be + -ing.

Les photographies

ne parlent pas d'elles-mêmes,

c'est l'énonciateur-médium

qui les fait parler avec be + -ing  :

moi énonciateur / énonciatrice,

je vous donne le sens, la clé,

le symbolisme de cette photo,

je vous dis à quoi je la relie,

à quelle problématique / tendance,

quel enjeu elle renvoie,

voilà comment je la vois,

voilà ce qu'elle dit.

Sans moi,

cette photo resterait muette,

ne vous dirait rien.

Il y a dans be + -ing,

outre une valeur anaphorique

(porter vers le haut, développer),

une fonction métaphorique

(porter au-delà).

Méta-phoriser une légende

avec be + -ing,

c'est passer

d'un visible énigmatique

ou insignifiant

(image peu informative,

voire bouche-trou, passe-partout)

aux différentes formes

de la signification :
 

interprétation, prévision, explication,

symbolisme, analyse, synthèse.

Le "légendeur" se situe ici

à l'inverse du journaliste sportif

qui décrit en direct à la télévision,

sans les relier ni les interpréter,

les actions rapides et successives d'un match

(ces descriptions sont très souvent

au présent simple).

The merry-go-round of art shows and exhibition

is taking its toll on great works that are clocking up air miles

Sainsbury's could be heading for its first loss since 1989,

but its shares have been buoyed up recently

by talk of a takeover bid

The belief that the ingestion of amphetamines

is an acceptable consequence of the hectic baseball season

is casting a shadow over the sport

https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/dec/16/
ussport

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/dec/15/
research.antarctica

The long walk to obscurity

Christmas Appeal:

Kalahari Bushmen

are being moved from ancestral territories

http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/story.jsp?story=474540 - broken link

Najwa al-Bayati

is standing as a Communist party candidat

 in next month's election

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/dec/10/
iraq.rorymccarthy

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/28/
uselections2004.usa3

http://talk.workunlimited.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1335910,00.html - broken link

Autre exemple :

la légende de la photographie ci-dessus,

extraite du Times du 5 novembre 2003, p. 27.

Cette photo sépare deux articles sur Marks & Spencer,

articles dont les titres informatifs

sont au présent simple (1) et au present perfect (2) :

1 - M&S plays down

hope of return to its clothes heyday

(article à gauche).

2 - Trendy label has helped to lift reputation

(article à droite).

La légende revient sur ce dernier article,

et notamment sur son titre, pour le développer.

Point de départ (titre) :

une gamme de vêtements à la mode

contribue à redorer le blason de M&S :

Trendy label has helped to lift reputation

(article à droite).

Développement / reprise par la légende :

cette gamme se vend bien (be + -ing),

mais ... (présent simple) :

Stylish: M&S's Per Una clothing range is selling well,

but analysts see distribution difficulties

Les deux premiers paragraphes de

Trendy label has helped to lift reputation

comprennent eux-aussi une reprise en be + -ing :

1§ - Développement > conséquence de l'information du titre.

Si M&S prévoit de commercialiser

cette gamme dans d'autres magasins,

c'est que cette gamme se vend bien :

Marks & Spencer

is planning to install the trendy Per Una label in ten more stores

in an attempt to improve clothing sales at its smaller outlets.

2§ - Développement simple > plus d'informations.

The retailer said yesterday that sales of Per Una,

which is designed to appeal to younger customers,

are growing at a significantly higher rate than its main collections.

Ces séquences -ing

forment une série, un continuum.

Que les phrases d'un texte s'enchaînent,

fassent référence les unes aux autres est une évidence,

mais -ing accentue l'impression de reprise,

balise, fil conducteur.

décrire -> dire

forme simple -> forme en be + -ing

US soldiers search Baghdad for attackers

after an American convoy was fired on

and one soldier killed;

a campaign to undermine security is gaining ground.

Cette légende du Times (5 November 2003, p. 16)

illustre la différence entre :

- un énoncé au présent simple :

description objective de l'image.

- un énoncé en be + -ing :

commentaire contextuel sans rapport direct

avec l'image / développement informatif

à partir de l'énoncé précédent :

si l'énonciateur / l'énonciatrice peut affirmer

qu'une campagne d'attentats se développe,

c'est parce qu'un convoi américain

vient d'être attaqué.

Même logique dans la légende suivante :

- Je montre : présent simple > description objective,

redondante, presque inutile, d'un fait particulier.

- Je démontre : présent en be + -ing >

information supplémentaire,

d'ordre général, démonstratif et explicatif,

sur les activités des marines en Irak.

Pourquoi ce soldat lance-t-il une grenade ?

Parce qu'il participe

à une vaste opération contre les rebelles.

Moi, "journaliste qui vous écrit",

je vous donne le lien explicatif, le sens de cette image,

je vous dis à quoi elle se rattache / se relie

(anaphore contextuelle).

A US marine in Falluja drops a grenade down a stairwell

while searching and clearing houses on Thursday.

The troops,

who are maintaining an anti-insurgency operation

ahead of Iraq's January elections,

later celebrated Thanksgiving with a hot turkey meal

A vehicle burns near the Australian embassy

in Baghdad following a car bomb attack.

Militants are intensifying efforts to disrupt elections.

Schéma discursif :

information brute au présent simple,

suivie d'une explication / mise en contexte

en be + -ing.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/20/i
raq.rorymccarthy1

An actor lies on the ground

during a Crimewatch reconstruction yesterday.

Police are investigating a suspect who killed himself last month.

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/may/13/
ukcrime.scotland

exceptions :

photographie "non parlante"

légendée au présent simple

Une photographie non informative

peut être légendée au présent simple.

Ce choix dépend en partie

de la valeur informative de la légende,

de l'intention du journaliste,

ainsi que du sens du verbe et de l'énoncé.

Dans les légendes ci-dessous,

le sens de

hope, come, fear, grow, expect, prepare, plan

est élevé et bien déterminé ;

transposer ces énoncés en be + -ing

donnerait un effet d'intensification,

de dramatisation ou de démonstration

inutile / ridicule

(tout particulièrement avec 

?! The HSBC strike threat is coming...,

auquel be + -ing

donnerait une valeur prophétique).

Même si la photographie n'est pas informative,

il n'y a ici nul besoin de faire un effet de sens,

d'en rajouter dans l'explication, 

de "souligner / surligner" l'énoncé

avec be + -ing.

Dans la légende ci-dessous,

echo

est pris dans son sens figuré

(évoquer, illustrer, incarner,

représenter, refléter) ;

maquette et légende

actualisent cette photographie

et lui donnent une valeur

symbolique, métaphorique.

Le journaliste

décide du sens de l'image

par rapport à l'article :

moi-énonciateur / énonciatrice,

je vous dis ce qu'elle veut dire

dans ce contexte.

Transposer cet énoncé

en be + -ing,

forme de re-présentation,

facteur

de majoration / variation sémantique,

d'interpellation du co-énonciateur,

de remise en évidence du déjà-dit,

serait inutile et ridicule

(???is echoing... > évoque vraiment...).

Le plus haut degré sémantique

est déjà atteint

(valeur figurée de echo),

et le lecteur / la lectrice est présupposé (-e)

comprendre sans problème

ce nouveau message.

Le "+" de be + -ing

ne s'impose donc pas,

tout comme la mise en -ing

de la séquence inédite

echo-the fears of many dons... .

Fearing the worst:

a gargoyle on the New College bell tower

echoes the fears of many dons

over plans to involve business

in the running of the university

http://digital.guardian.co.uk/guardian/2005/04/30/pages/brd13.shtml

Dons fear betrayal

as Oxford looks to business

The Guardian        p. 13        30 April 2005

http://digital.guardian.co.uk/guardian/
2005/04/30/pages/brd13.shtml

The HSBC strike threat comes

as other banks such as Yorkshire face widespread branch closures

HSBC staff vote for strike action over pay dispute

G        p. 19        12 May 2005

https://www.theguardian.com/money/2005/may/12/
business.accounts

Ties and mugs with the Ukip log

stock the party's first shop in Ramgate.

The party hopes to open 30 more nationwide.

Ukip opens seaside souvenir shop

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/dec/09/
otherparties.politics

Britain's failure to meet its emissions target

was disappointing,

Margaret Beckett said yesterday,

as concern grows over rising carbon dioxide levels.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2004/dec/09/
environment.greenpolitics1

The LSE's Paternoster Square headquarters.

The City expects higher offers

to follow Sunday's valuation of 530p a share

https://www.theguardian.com/business/2004/dec/14/
germany

https://www.theguardian.com/business/2004/dec/13/
china.theairlineindustry

insert

../contraste_avec_present_simple_dans_legendes_photos/gv_be_ing_caption_plan_to_plough.gif

in next edition

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/nov/22/
urbandesign.architecture1

Farrier Brian Hughes, a joint hunt master,

plans to continue hunting

in the hope of being sent to prison if convicted.

https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/nov/20/
hunting.immigrationpolicy1

'Martyrs' ready for prison

as activists plot tactics

Radical groups plan unlawful disruption

Steven Morris
Saturday November 20, 2004
The Guardian

In a cosy pub close to the Shropshire-Worcestershire border over a fortifying drink and supper, the three-strong steering group which coordinates the work of the Countryside Action Network will meet next week to finalise its plans for rebellion and disruption.

At a "flick of a switch", the group claims, it can mobilise hundreds, even thousands of activists ready to make their views against the hunting ban known, perhaps by bombarding the government with phone calls, possibly by bringing motorways to a standstill.

Seventy miles away in the hills above Cardiff, members of the Rhondda Valley rural action group will gather over a few pints to hammer out their plans.

More radical elements favour a blockade of local airports, while the cautious say they will make their point by simply carrying on hunting, knowing that the police will have an almost impossible job finding them in the 100 square miles of mountainous terrain where they hunt.

Many more such meetings will be taking place over the coming weeks as hunters and their supporters plot how they will express their fury at the ban and at a government which, as they see it, is wrecking their way of life.

The protests planned range from legal demonstrations organised by the Countryside Alliance to unlawful "direct action" protests from "freelancers", such as the storming of the House of Commons.

Though the Countryside Alliance tries to distance itself from lawbreaking, the PR-savvy organisation is nevertheless putting together a list of media-friendly "martyrs" who are shedding their worldly goods so that when they do break the law by hunting the courts will have little option but to send them to prison.

Activists are also planning to try to force out anti-hunting MPs by campaigning for their political opponents during the general election campaign, while farmers and landowners are working out ways of disrupting services by not allowing public officials and workers access to their land.

Brian Hughes, a farrier from the Rhondda Valley and joint master of the Llangeinor hunt, is among those earmarked as a martyr.

He has already started passing his assets, such as his house, savings and a small piece of land he owns, on to his son, Michael, so that magistrates will be compelled to jail him rather than fine him once he is convicted of hunting with hounds. The hitch to the plan is that the police may not find him.

He said: "If you get your car stolen here it takes them a day to come and see you. I really don't see how they have the manpower to come and find us. Will they be sending up helicopters?

"I know local people won't inform on us because the hunt is popular and there's a mistrust of the police in these parts."

Mr Hughes, 50, would be an attractive martyr for the Countryside Alliance because he is a working man rather than a "toff" and his hunt is one of the more down-to-earth, taking in quite urban areas rather than rolling English countryside.

However, Mr Hughes said he did not feel beholden to the Countryside Alliance. He is part of the rural action group which has discussed disrupting airports.

"We don't mind doing the things the Countryside Alliance is afraid to do," he said.

Also out of the control of the Countryside Alliance are groups such as the Countryside Action Network and the more radical Real Countryside Alliance.

Janet George, spokeswoman for the network, said the group could call on 4,000 activists. While declining to go into details, she hinted the group was planning to bring a government department to its knees in the next few weeks by targeting it with hundreds of tricky requests.

George Bowyer, joint master of the Fitzwilliam hunt in Peterborough, is planning to make his point through the democratic process. He believes he can get more than 100 hunt supporters out on the streets to campaign to oust the MP for Peterborough, Helen Clark.

He said: "Her majority was cut last election. I think we can get rid of her this time."

A website, votehunting.com, has also been set up to help target MPs in marginal constituencies.

Landowners are making their point by withdrawing their cooperation with the government and other public bodies.

Farmer Josh Stratton has banned the army from train ing on the 3,500 acres he farms on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire.

He said: "The government has interfered with our way of life. We're going to screw up public services in any way we can."

In Cheshire sheep farmer Richard May has come up with the idea of not allowing officials on to his land to maintain a weir which helps to keep the Macclesfield to Stoke canal topped up.

"The hunting community is a huge network. There's a lot we can do to mess things up," he said.

Other farmers have pledged to stop access to railway lines and electricity pylons which run through their land.

Many young hunters are intent on more spectacular publicity coups.

One 22-year-old huntsman from Hampshire, who was among those who hurled flour and eggs at Labour party members during a Countryside Alliance protest in Brighton, said: "We've been inspired by the lot who got into parliament and by the Fathers4Justice mob, especially after their Buckingham Palace protest."

The huntsman, who asked not to be named but claimed affiliation with the Real Countryside Alliance, added: "There are a lot of younger hunters and followers who would love to make those sort of headlines and we're trying to work out how to do it. Watch this space - it's going to be fun.

G,
20.11.2004,
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/nov/20/
hunting.immigrationpolicy1

Voir aussi > Anglonautes >

Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé

be + -ing