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learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
-ing
valeur énonciative > mise en scène
avec -ing :
déjà dit, pré-dit (anaphore / référenciation)
≠
sans -ing :
jamais dit, inédit
V + N-ing ≠ V + toviseur -> Base Verbale
start demolishing ≠ start toviseur speed up
The Guardian Media p. 21 24 July 2006
Certains verbes, comme start ou begin, acceptent 2 constructions :
V + toviseur -> Base Verbale
V + BV + -ing
V + toviseur -> Base Verbale
Friday May 21, 2004
Avec V + toviseur -> Base Verbale, l'énonciateur / l'énonciatrice met en scène une information / un événement qu'il présente comme inédit(e) : effet majorant, de premier plan.
C'est la fiction de l'imprévisible, de l'inattendu (dans l'énoncé ci-dessous, vu le contexte historique, un bombardement n'a en fait rien de surprenant) :
Suddenly the sirens sounded again. She saw her little boy, with two friends, playing some distance away. The cigarette still in her hand, Mrs Couchman ran out of the post. Bombs began to fall as she ran.
I won't let them hurt you,
With blinks and gestures, mother recalls attack horror
Abigail Witchalls got the creeps the moment she locked eyes with the dark-haired stranger in the blue estate car as she took her toddler son, Joseph, home from nursery in his buggy along a secluded lane. When she looked over her shoulder a few minutes later, the man was out of the car and heading in her direction. She began to run, pushing 21-month-old Joseph in front of her, stopping only to try to open a gate, the buggy right behind her. But the gate wouldn't budge and when she turned round again, the man was holding a knife to Joseph's throat. He beckoned Mrs Witchalls towards him, and when she did as he asked, he grabbed her hair, pulled her to the ground, and plunged the knife into the back of her neck. He then threw the buggy, with Joseph still in it, on top of her before running off, leaving her for dead.
With blinks and gestures, mother recalls attack
horror,
V + N-ing
A l'inverse de V + toviseur -> Base Verbale, avec V + N-ing l'information est présentée comme étant déjà connue, dite, pensée, prévue, prévisible.
On est dans la reprise, la reformulation, la conséquence / co-séquence :
Wildcat postal strikes end after pledge on victimisation
The Royal Mail could take between three and four weeks to clear a backlog of letters left by wildcat strikes which appeared to be coming to an end yesterday. As more than 20,000 wildcat strikers began returning to work yesterday, the Post Office started the hefty task dealing with a backlog of tens of millions of letters, by re-opening sealed letter boxes and urging the public to "carry on posting".
Headline and sub,
-ing nominalise le verbe et son / ses complément(s).
L'ensemble en -ing fonctionne comme un groupe nominal :
Crucially, she will be looking for confirmation from WNSL, now chaired by Michael Jeffries, that it has the financial firepower to start demolishing the old stadium and building the new 90,000-seater complex in North London.
MPs to turn spotlight on Wembley stadium scheme,
Dans l'énoncé ci-dessus, le journaliste utilise BV + -ing après start car l'information - construire le nouveau stade de Wembley - n'en est pas vraiment une : elle est supposée connue depuis des mois par les lecteurs (c'est même un sujet d'intérêt national).
L'information est la confirmation éventuelle que l'entrepreneur, WNSL, dispose d'une capacité financière suffisante pour commencer à démolir l'ancien stade.
Au contraire, dans l'énoncé suivant, en utilisant toviseur -> Base Verbale après have started, le journaliste met en avant une information qu'il présente comme inédite, et sur laquelle il veut insister :
The United States, Britain and Australia have started to speed up the movements of troops and weapons to the Gulf to give them the capability to attack Iraq by mid-February.
Allies speed up deployment
to Gulf Region,
Même contexte (guerre USA-Irak), mais vu d'un oeil différent :
George W. Bush, président des Etats-Unis, s'adresse à ses concitoyens au début de la guerre en Irak (20.3.2003).
Pour Bush, il n'y a pas lieu de présenter les premières frappes aériennes comme une information inattendue; on pouvait s'y attendre.
Le 43ème président des Etats-Unis fait référence à du déjà énoncé : striking selected targets of military importance to undermine Saddam Hussein's ability to wage war était prévu de longue date.
-ing est ici la marque du déjà-dit :
On my orders, coalition forces have begun striking selected targets of military importance to undermine Saddam Hussein's ability to wage war. These are opening stages of what will be a broad and concerted campaign.
Full text: George Bush's address on the start of
war,
A l'inverse, avec began to notice, renforcé par l'adverbe suddenly, le rédacteur de l'article ci-dessous présente l'objet du verbe - the sun glinting on the mountains - comme relevant du jamais vu, le mettant ainsi en valeur, sur le devant de la scène.
Is there any romance left in rail?
A brisk American ex-banker, Philip Mengel never thought so - until he went for a ride in the driver's cab of one of English, Welsh and Scottish Railway's goods trains in the Scottish Highlands.
Hitching a lift from Inverness to Perth, he suddenly began to notice the sun glinting on the mountains. "It turned out to be one of the most beautiful, crystal clear days in history", he recalls.
A friend of freight,
Enoncé ci-dessous : on trouve -ing après began car la reddition des soldats irakiens a déjà été évoquée / envisagée par l'administration américaine et par la presse.
Dans ce contexte, -ing fait référence à du déjà dit / écrit :
le fait que les soldats de Saddam Hussein puissent se rendre n'est pas une surprise.
L'information, c'est que ceci a commencé la nuit dernière (began... last night...).
Iraqi troops began surrendering last night as coalition aircraft bombed heavy guns within range of the Iraqui-Kuwait border, clearing the way for a US and British invasion.
Iraq: the first shots are fired, 1er §,
V + N-ing
≠
V + toviseur -> Base Verbale
autres énoncés
Americans started voting in federal and state elections on Tuesday, with President George W. Bush and Senator John Kerry locked in a neck-and-neck battle for the White House.
Voting gets
under way in tight presidential race,
The "MyDoom-A" version of the virus is reckoned to be the worst to have hit the internet, in terms of the speed of its spread, with millions of PCs worldwidebelieved to be infected. Such "zombie" machines begin to send out hundreds of copies of the virus every hour to almost any e-mail address in their files. On Sunday they began sending automated queries to SCO's website, an attack that will continue until 12 February. The attack is the web equivalent of ringing the company's doorbell and running away a million times a second, leaving its computers unable to deal with standard requests to view its pages. Experts say 'zombie' PC viruses
U.S. Begins Fingerprinting Foreign Visitors
Mon January 5, 2004 06:29 PM ET
ATLANTA (Reuters) - The United States began fingerprinting and photographing visitors from most countries on Monday in an unprecedented program to try to prevent potential terrorists from slipping in by plane or ship. Headline and §1,
R, 5.1.2004,
It may look like a garden barbecue, or a giant pocket watch.
But it is, in fact, a space probe - on Christmas Day it will land on Mars and start exploring.
Here, Colin Pillinger, the British scientist behind this shoestring project, tells the story of the Beagle 2
Sub, Man
with a mission,
Wildcat postal strikes end after pledge on victimisation
The Royal Mail could take between three and four weeks to clear a backlog of letters left by wildcat strikes which appeared to be coming to an end yesterday. As more than 20,000 wildcat strikers began returning to work yesterday, the Post Office started the hefty task dealing with a backlog of tens of millions of letters, by re-opening sealed letter boxes and urging the public to "carry on posting".
Headline and sub, I, 4.11.2003,
Turmoil at start of sniper trial Turmoil in court as US sniper suspect conducts own defence
The trial of the man charged with last year's sniper shootings in the Washington area was thrown into turmoil yesterday when the accused began conducting his own defence.
Headline,
sub and §1, G, 21.10.2003,
Dinosaur Hunter
Jack Homer began collecting fossils when he was eight years old. The secret, he tells Tim Radford, is to keep your eyes on the ground Headline and sub headline, G/G2, p. 8, 7.8.2003.
"I know girls who are crack mad," he said. "Before it came on the scene, they might spend £90 a week on heroin. I know people who now spend £60 on crack and £90 on heroin. One you start spending money on it, you can't stop. Heroin is a physical addiction. Crack is mentally addictive. You just want the high."
Euan's story:
After a year of bloody fighting, but with neither side beaten, Israel and the Palestinians are finding it hard suddenly to stop shooting and start talking again.
The beginning of the end of the Palestinian uprising?,
More reports indicate that previous rumors of Apple sales at Best Buy will materialize soon. BestBuy will utilize fulltime Apple Reps to provide sales support for Apple items. The current plan is to deploy this plan to a select number of Best Buys, so not every store will carry the Apple products initially.
While the official launch date remains in August, some stores may start to sell Apple items as early as Monday.
Update: Initial stores to carry Apple's Product line are focused in California and Illinois, with scattered stores in other states (AZ, VA, NY, MD, MN). Products to be carried include the eMac, iMac (15" and 17"), PowerMac (G4), iBook (12"), PowerBook (12" and 15"), iPod, as well as selection of accompanying accessories and software titles.
Again, some stores may start selling Apple products as early as this week. http://www.macrumors.com/pages/2003/07/20030727004224.shtml , added 30.7.2003.
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
séquence nominale-ing autonome
glossaire > anaphore (déjà dit, déjà perçu)
toviseur -> Base Verbale ≠ topréposition (reprise) + N
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