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learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
temps > présent, passé
et
formes verbales > present perfect
sens et valeurs énonciatives > bilan
faire un bilan :
present perfect actif affirmatif ( haveauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé ),
ou
passé ?
The massive Park Fire in California has already scorched an area larger than L.A.
[ bilan au present perfect actif affirmatif ]
Over five decades, hip-hop has grown from a new artform to a culture-defining superpower.
[ bilan au present perfect actif affirmatif ]
July has already seen 11 mass shootings. The emotional scars won't heal easily
July 4, 2023 NPR
[ bilan au present perfect actif affirmatif ]
What a decade of Curiosity has taught us about life on Mars
August 6, 2022 NPR
[ bilan au present perfect actif affirmatif ]
New Study Estimates More Than 900,000 People Have Died Of COVID-19 In U.S.
May 6, 2021 NPR
[ bilan au present perfect actif affirmatif ]
FACT CHECK: What Has President Trump Done To Fight Illegal Immigration?
[ bilan au present perfect actif interrogatif ]
What has Bush accomplished in Iraq?
[ bilan au present perfect actif interrogatif ]
Chris Britt cartoon The State Journal-Register Cagle 10.1.2004
http://www.sj-r.com/
present perfect
Le bilan jusqu'au présent - bilan provisoire ou définitif - est l’une des valeurs
du present perfect actif (haveauxiliaire + Vau participe passé) :
The Dow has lost 12% in a volatile month
ou
du present perfect passif (haveauxiliaire + beenauxiliaire au participe passé + Vau participe passé) ;
A total of 23 convicts have been put to death in the state this year.
Both totals lead the nation.
Governor
Stays Texas Woman's Wednesday Execution,
passé un bilan peut se faire aussi au passé.
Rappel :
Dans certaines grammaires, -EN symbolise le participe passé.
Attention, -EN est le symbole grammatical du verbeau participe passé, et non sa terminaison.
Au participe passé, les verbes irréguliers prennent tous -ed - increase, increased, increased - alors que les irréguliers ont des terminaisons très variées :
take, took, taken
cut, cut, cut
go, went, gone
bring, brought, brought.
Le bilan au present perfect répond à la question :
Où en est-on, quelles sont les données les plus récentes sur tel sujet / problème / phénomène, telle action / tendance ?
Le bilan peut porter sur une période précise, dont le début est bien défini dans la séquence en since :
More than 500,000 people have died in the U.S. from COVID-19
[ bilan au present perfect actif affirmatif ] sinceconjonction the pandemic hit this country and the world just over a year ago.
[ sinceconjonction introduit la proposition de temps qui donne le début de la période sur laquelle porte le bilan ]
Jimmy Glass' Song: Jackie Wilson's 'Because Of You',
Ce bilan est souvent comparatif.
On compare l'état / l'évolution d'une action par rapport à / depuis son début :
état des lieux / constat (même d'une action qui vient juste de commencer).
statistique,
résumé d’une tendance,
dernier décompte en date,
résultat,
conclusions d'une enquête,
liste des dernières améliorations, des nouveaux avantages, etc.
La période d'un bilan au present perfect peut donc être précisément délimitée / cadrée dans le temps, avec un point d'ancrage / un instant de référence dans le passé :
Government’s Disaster Response Wins Praise
April 30, 2011 The New York Times By KEVIN SACK and TIMOTHY WILLIAMS
TUSCALOOSA, Ala. — It has been the deadliest natural disaster on American soil [ événement ]
sincepréposition > depuis Hurricane Katrina. [ événement de référence, début / ancrage du bilan ] Government’s Disaster Response Wins Praise,
La période d'un bilan au present perfect peut également être plus ou moins implicite.
Le bilan part d'un point non précisé - la date / le "top chrono" n'est pas donné :
Drug Use Has Increased in Afghanistan, U.N. Report Says Drug Use Has Increased in Afghanistan, U.N. Report Says, NYT 21 June 2010
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/22/
11 May 2007
The Guardian p. 5 21 August 2006
Lyons report
Ministers stall radical shake-up of council tax · No revaluation or extra bands before at least 2011 · Tourist tax and levies on charity shops also blocked
David Hencke, Westminster correspondent The Guardian p. 6 Thursday March 22, 2007
http://politics.guardian.co.uk/economics/story/0,,2039803,00.html
The Guardian Weekend p. 4 26 August 2006
The Guardian Weekend p. 31 7 October 2006
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Suicides of U.S. Marines have reached their highest level in five years, prompting a Defense Department effort to encourage Marines to seek mental health services, a Marine Corps spokesman said on Tuesday. But spokesman Bryan Driver said there was no evidence linking the higher suicide rate with the long tours of duty and frontline fighting Marines have engaged in Iraq.
There have been 32 confirmed or probable suicides among 178,000 Marines this year, surpassing the 28 who killed themselves in 2001 as the United States invaded Afghanistan, Driver said.
The Marines, the smallest of the U.S. armed services by number of troops, have had the military's highest suicide rate -- about 25 per year among 178,000 active duty troops since 1999, the year the government began keeping detailed records.
U.S.
Marines Suffer Most Suicides in Five Years,
In the last 10 years, new sexually transmitted infections in England have more than doubled to nearly 1.5m a year. "We have a problem of growing seriousness," said Ms Johnson.
Explicit ads target sex
diseases among young:
FRANKFURT (Reuters) - Natural disasters have killed nearly five times more people in 2003 than they did last year, partly due to the earthquake in Iran and the summer's heat wave in central Europe, the world's top reinsurer said on Monday. Heat
Wave, Earthquake Lift '03 Disaster Death Toll,
So far Texas has executed 336 people since the state resumed executions in 1982. A total of 23 convicts have been put to death in the state this year. Both totals lead the nation.
Governor
Stays Texas Woman's Wednesday Execution,
As every school child knows, there have been ravens at the Tower of London since time immemorial, and if they ever leave, the monarchy and the tower itself will fall. Tower's raven mythology may be a Victorian flight of fantasy,
Saddam 'destroyed' WMD after 1991
Saddam Hussein did not have weapons of mass destruction, it has finally been confirmed. [ bilan au present perfect passif affirmatif ]
The group hunting for Saddam's arsenal said it found no evidence the dictator had chemical, biological of nuclear weapons when US-led forces invaded Iraq last year. After 16 months of searching, the Iraq Survey Group concluded Saddam had "essentially destroyed" [ bilan au past perfect actif affirmatif ] his banned weapons after the 1991 Gulf War.
Headline and
first §§, PA, 7.10.2004,
A peace deal to end Africa's longest civil war has finally been signed ( present perfect passif > valeur ici > info nouvelle).
The fighting in Sudan, which has raged intermittently [ present perfect actif > valeur ici > bilan ].
for nearly 50 years [ for + durée ], has claimed two million lives. [ present perfect actif > valeur ici > bilan ].
War ends
after 50 years,
The prison population has reached a new record, passing the 75,000 mark for the first time, the Prison Service said today. Prison
population hits new record,
Palestinians marked the third anniversary of their uprising against Israeli occupation yesterday, but there was no sign either side has a strategy to end the violence that has so far killed at least 3,163 people, 502 of them children.
Intifada's terrible toll leaves
peace a distant dream,
The reality matched [ passé actif ]
the hype yesterday
as the latest Harry Potter book continued [ passé actif ] to fly off the shelves at a record rate.
(...) Amazon, the online retailer, said [ passé actif ]
the novel had broken [ past perfect actif > valeur ici > bilan ]
internet sales record, with more than 1.3m advance orders worldwide, including more than 420,000 in the UK. Harry casts worlwide spell,
The Guardian p. 16 23 October 2004
La période de référence du bilan peut ne pas être révolue au moment de l'énonciation.
Cette période peut être plus ou moins longue.
L'énonciateur / l'énonciatrice part d’un point x dans un passé plus ou moins proche, et fait un bilan jusqu’au moment présent.
Ce point x représente le début du bilan, l'ancre / le point d'ancrage du bilan.
L'énoncé-bilan en haveauxiliaire + Vau participe passé (present perfect actif) renvoie à des faits qui peuvent donc encore exister au moment où l'on parle / écrit, contrairement à l'énoncé-bilan au passé, qui renvoie souvent à du révolu, à de l'historique :
Throughout Europe, 250,000 Jewish lives were saved [ passé passif ]
by diplomats whose work will be honoured at an exhibition to be opened in London this month by Peter Hain, the Minister for Europe. 'British Schindler' saved 1,000
Jews from Nazis,
Exceptions > Expression d'un bilan au passé
Les dépêches de l'agence Reuters sont presque toutes au passé, même lorsqu'il s'agit d'un bilan (toll) :
BAGHDAD (Reuters) - The U.S. military death toll in Iraq reached 1,000 on Tuesday nearly 18 months after the invasion to topple Saddam Hussein, making its mark on the U.S. presidential election campaign.
U.S. Iraq Death Toll Hits 1,000, Two
Italians Seized,
Exceptions > Expression d'un bilan au passé
Bilan d'un fait révolu, de la carrière d'une personne qui vient de mourir :
l'énonciation s'inscrit dans une narration au passé (concordance des temps = tous les verbes relatifs à cette narration sont au passé) :
Betty White was on TV since the beginning of TV.
And in an industry where it's often about being young and hot, White got more popular the older she got. (...)
[ passé passif affirmatif ]
The first was Sue Ann Nivens from the Mary Tyler Moore Show.
White called the character "your sickeningly sweet neighborhood nymphomaniac."
And then there was the naïve Rose Nylund on The Golden Girls, whose greatest disappointment was losing her hometown's Butter Queen pageant due to "churn tampering."
Betty White,
https://www.npr.org/2021/12/31/
Church Attack Seen as Strike at Iraq’s Core
November 1, 2010 The New York Times By ANTHONY SHADID
BAGHDAD — Blood still smeared the walls of Our Lady of Salvation Church on Monday. Scraps of flesh remained between the pews. It was the worst massacre of Iraqi Christians since the war began here in 2003.
Church Attack Seen as
Strike at Iraq’s Core,
Les marqueurs de temps (groupe adverbial ou proposition) utilisés avec le present perfect indiquent souvent une période qui n’est pas achevée, qui court jusqu'à l'instant présent de l’énonciation.
Certains énoncés-bilan au present perfect n’ont pas de marqueur de temps.
Le point de départ de la période de référence est plus ou moins implicite : l’important, c’est le présent (1-4).
Le present perfect sert également à donner des informations sur ce qui vient juste de se passer :
1 - In U.S. Airstrikes, Afghan Civilians Have Paid a Heavy Toll [ present perfect actif affirmatif ] Headline, NYT/Le Monde, p. 5.
2 - Muggings, mobile phone thefts and other street crimes have fallen [ present perfect actif affirmatif ]
sharply in the 10 worst crime areas in England, David Blunkett announced yesterday.
(pas de concordance de temps entre le passé affirmatif actif announced et le present perfect affirmatif actif have fallen). Blunkett claims success in war on street
crime,
3 - Life expectancy in America has risen to a record 77 years [ present perfect actif affirmatif ]
and the gaps between the longevity of blacks and whites and men and women have narrrowed [ present perfect actif ],
a US government report says.
(concordance de temps entre le présent actif says et le present perfect affirmatif actif has risen). Life gets longer in land of junk food,
4 - Fifty sites have been searched [ present perfect affirmatif passif ]
and 3,000 people have been interviewed [ present perfect affirmatif passif ].
(...)
police find
body,
The number of Chinese migrant workers who died after becoming trapped by rising tides while picking cockles in Morecambe Bay has risen to 18. [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
18 dead in cockle picking
disaster,
A charity battling against diseases in Africa will be helped by our appeal, which has raised [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
£221,721 so far.
Your
donation can help medics fight Africa's measles epidemic,
Conservative support has reached [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
40% for the first time in over a decade, according to a poll published today.
Poll shows Tory support at 40%,
G, 23.1.2004,
Buenos Aires was considered one of the safest cities in the Americas.
But since 1995, theft has doubled [ present perfect affirmatif actif ].
The murder rate has risen [ present perfect affirmatif actif ] almost 50 per cent since 1998, the year the country began its painful economic decline.
Today, there are more than 10 murders per 100,000 inhabitants - a figure equalled only during the 1970's, when the military dictatorship "disappeared" Argentines by the thousands. (...) The number of people caught trafficking or possessing drugs has more than doubled [ present perfect affirmatif actif ] since 1997. Argentina's
traumatic lurch into high crime,
Britain has enjoyed [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
the sunniest March for more than 40 years, according to met office figures released yesterday.
Record-breaking hours of sunshine have been experienced [ present perfect affirmatif passif ]
in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Sunniest March for
40 years,
Ever since Simon Dee's first broadcast from the MV Caroline in 1964, pirate radio has played [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
a crucial role in forming Britain's musical taste.
(...)
Fraudster has been involved in pirate radio [ present perfect affirmatif passif ]
since he was 13 [ passé ]. Hold tight the massive,
Hundreds of birds have already fallen victim to the spill [ present perfect affirmatif actif ] Photo caption, I, p. 5, 20.11.2002.
Refugees have now spent three days there. [ present perfect affirmatif actif ] BBC radio 4, Today, 12.11.2002.
Sixty-five per cent of the human population has never made a telephone call, [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
and one-third has no access to electricity or any other form of commercial energy. Power for everyone, GE, p. 7, 17.9.2002.
"Caine's performance is among the best he has ever given" [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
The Quiet America, ad,
In the ten days since she left us [ passé actif ],
there have been [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
countless tributes and expressions of affection and respect, including those of the many people who have queued and filed [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
patiently past her coffin.
'Strength, dignity and laughter', Queen
Mother's funeral,
So now we know: up to 4.7 million people have died [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
in the Democratic Republic of Congo's four-and-a-half-year civil war. Counting the dead, GE, p. 8, 10.4.2003.
The site has accumulated [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
more than 4.5 million registered users since it was established 18 months ago in the bedroom of a house in Barnet, North London, by the husband-and-wife team of Steve and Julie Pankhurst. Teacher blames website for insult, T, 14.3.2002.
Nationwide, meth use has nearly tripled [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
since 1994, and there are now far more regular users of meth than crack, according to the annual survey of drug use done for the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Drugs, Poverty and
Crime Plague Rural U.S.,
He's a top marksman.
He's not picky about his victims.
He says he is God and has claimed eight lives - so far. [ present perfect affirmatif actif ] Psycho-sniper's sharpe eye,
The amateur sleuth, who identifies himself only as D.U.A. has tantalised Belgium over the past week [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
with internet claims that he has solved [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
the enigma that has baffled [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
police, art experts, psychics and Adolph Hitler's personal art squad for 68 years. Sleuth promises to solve riddle of lost
painting,
Sales of sniper weapons have increased [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
rapidly in the past decade Photo caption, O, p. 19, 13.10.2002.
Twelve million people are suffering from starvation in countries such as Malawi and Zimbabwe ; it is one of the biggest humanitarian disasters we have ever seen [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]. New from McDonald’s:
Since 1995, the number of vehicles on our roads has grown [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
by 15 per cent while the population has risen [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
by just three per cent. Carnival spirit rules the day, M, p. 4, 2-5-2002.
Britain’s special relationship with the United States has been strained [ present perfect affirmatif passif ]
in recent months by that country’s willingness to go it alone on Iraq and by its withdrawal from international treaties on the environment. US row over London congestion charge,
At least 60 prostitutes have been murdered [ present perfect affirmatif passif ]
in the past ten years – probably more. Mean streets, G2, 16.9.2002, p. 3.
It’s now been five months [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
since she disappeared [ passé actif ]. Mean streets, G2, 16.9.2002, p. 3.
Three times he has been nominated [ present perfect affirmatif passif ]
for the Oscar for best actor and if he fails to win this time, Hollywood’s critics will have a field day. Will talent
out this time?,
In France, 400,000 jobs have been created [ present perfect affirmatif passif ]
by shorter working hours. Long
day’s journey into shorter working hours,
But her death has revealed [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
some significant divisions in the 21st century Britain she leaves behind.
The most obvious is the familiar gap between left and right.
Uncertain farewell reveals a nation divided,
Les énoncés 1-2, extraits de la Une de l'édition internet du Guardian du 28.1.2004, montrent bien la différence de point de vue entre present perfect et passé.
Dans les deux cas, l'information vient juste de tomber.
1. Fait passé, présenté de façon ponctuelle, presque décontextualisée (les opérations militaires en Afghanistan sont un peu oubliées) :
gros plan sur la mort du soldat.
Cette mort n'est reliée à aucune autre.
Il n'y a pas de bilan.
A British soldier died [ passé actif ] today and four others were injured [ passé passif ] following an explosion near a military base in the Afghan capital Kabul, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) said [ passé actif ].
British soldier killed in
Afghan blast,
2. Bilan provisoire (at least) du nombre de morts palestiniens au cours des derniers affrontements en date dans la bande de Gaza : plan d'ensemble / panoramique en cours (at least).
At least 13 Palestinians have died [ present perfect affirmatif actif ], Israel's Army Radio reported [ passé actif ] today, in the deadliest clashes in the Gaza Strip for over one month.
Israeli army says 13
Palestinians dead in Gaza clash,
On rencontre aussi des propositions-bilan au présent, présent en be + -ing
ou au passé
The Guardian p. 11 13 November 2004
Enoncé-bilan :
proposition principale au présent, précédée ou suivie d'une proposition subordonnée en sinceconjonction + N + Vconjugué au passé :
Sinceconjonction Chad diedpassé actif I'mprésent so afraid of losing people
ou
proposition principale au présent, précédée ou suivie de sincepréposition + N (N étant souvent une date: since 2018, 9/11, 1990 ) :
The Federal Reserve raisesprésent interest rates for the first time since 2018
ou
proposition principale au présent, précédée ou suivie de inpréposition + N (N exprimant une durée : in 1,200 years ).
Sinceconjonction Chad diedpassé actif I'mprésent so afraid of losing people
G November 19, 2022
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/nov/19/
India records [ présent actif affirmatif ] the highest daily death toll for a single country
since the pandemic began [ passé actif affirmatif ].
NYT May 18, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/05/18/
The Federal Reserve raises interest rates for the first time since 2018
[ présent actif affirmatif ]
Updated March 16, 2022
Inflation surges to its highest since 1990
[ présent actif affirmatif ]
Updated November 10, 2021
Since 9/11, Military Suicides Are [ présent actif affirmatif ] 4 Times Higher Than Deaths In War Operations
Study finds Western megadrought is the worst [ présent actif affirmatif ] in 1,200 years
February 14, 2022 NPR
2 / 3 - Enoncés-bilan en beconjugué au présent + -ing
10 years after Michael Brown's death, police killings are not going down
August 10, 2024
More people are going to the cinema than at any time in the past 30 years. Roll up, roll up,
3 / 3 - Enoncés-bilans au passé :
Bilan sur une période passée.
La période de référence est présentée comme révolue, elle ne court pas jusqu'au présent de l'énonciation.
New Jersey’s Ethnic Makeup Shifts, and Population Drifts Southward
February 3, 2011 The New York Times By RICHARD PÉREZ-PEÑA
In the last decade, the number of white people in New Jersey declined as the number of Asians and Hispanics soared, and the population shifted southward — some of the many shifts with broad cultural and political implications that were revealed in 2010 census figures released on Thursday. Newark, the state’s largest city, grew 1.3 percent, to more than 277,000 people, reversing five decades of contraction, and the second-largest, Jersey City, grew 3.1 percent, to more than 247,000. But populations declined in several of the largest and most heavily minority cities and towns, including Paterson, Trenton, Camden, Union City, East Orange, and Irvington. In particular, the state’s most crowded areas saw something of a black exodus from 2000 to 2010; the total population dropped 11.2 percent in Irvington and 8 percent in East Orange, both places that are predominantly black. At the same time, the cities became much more heavily Hispanic. Over all, the population of New Jersey grew 4.5 percent, to nearly 8.8 million people, but that was far behind the 9.7 percent national growth rate.
New Jersey’s Ethnic Makeup Shifts,
Factory Activity Growth Fastest in
20 Yrs Fri January 2, 2004 10:32 AM ET By Ros Krasny
CHICAGO (Reuters) - U.S. factory activity expanded at the fastest pace in 20 years in December, the Institute for Supply Management said on Friday, adding to evidence that a manufacturing recovery is under way and lifting the economy.
R, Friday,
January
2, 2004,
2 janvier 2004 : Même s'il vient juste d'avoir l'information-bilan et de la mettre aussitôt en ligne, le journaliste utilise le passé car cette information sur la production industrielle américaine concerne le mois de décembre, période révolue.
A noter aussi :
a - le journaliste ne donne pas de point de départ à ce bilan.
b - le corps des dépêches de Reuters est presque toujours au passé.
Le texte suivant (article du Guardian) est intéressant en ce qu'il montre, pour la même information - bilan statistique mensuel, évidemment publié le mois suivant -, un traitement verbal différent :
Monthly car production figures have risen [ present perfect affirmatif actif ]
*for the first time since last October, it emerged yesterday [ passé actif ] .
A total of 151,848 cars were made [ passé passif ] in Britain in March 2003 - 2,7% more than in March 2002, the office for national statistics said. Production for the home market was down 16.7% last month, but export production rose 15.8%.
Car production
increases, GE, p. 12,
Dans cet article, extrait d'un article publié le 29 avril 2003, le journaliste utilise tout d'abord le present perfect affirmatif actif - Monthly car production figures have risen - pour faire un bilan statistique sur une période donnée, à partir d'une date précise (since last October).
Quoi de neuf (breaking news) ?
En mars, et ce pour la première fois depuis octobre, la production mensuelle d'automobiles a augmenté :
Monthly car production figures have risen for the first time since last October.
Bien que le bilan soit arrêté en mars, mois révolu, le journaliste emploie le present perfect affirmatif actif car :
1 - pour lui, la période de référence du bilan se poursuit implicitement jusqu'au 28 avril, lorsqu'il rédige son article (for the first time since last October).
Il y a effet d'annonce.
2 - ce bilan a un point de départ.
Rappel : haveauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé + since + marqueur de temps passé.
3 - autre raison pour utiliser le present perfect :
cette forme verbale s'utilise très souvent pour mettre en scène l'information "qui tombe" (voir Present perfect > Breaking the news).
Or, le journaliste vient juste d'avoir cette information : yesterday = 28 avril -> il prend connaissance de l'information et il écrit son article.
Le journaliste passe ensuite au passé pour faire un gros plan sur le mois de mars, période révolue, avec un compte-rendu détaillé de la production de voitures :
A total of 151,848 cars were made [ passé passif ] in Britain in March 2003.
Autres énoncés-bilan au passé :
Consumer credit grew at its slowest pace for the last seven years in December, according to data released yesterday by the Bank of England. Borrowing increased by 0.5% last month, the lowest figure since March 1997. The £834m rise was far less than the £1.4bn rise the City had been expecting.
Credit slowdown foxes the City,
An American soldier was killed, and two others were injured, in Baghdad yesterday when a rocket-propelled grenade was fired [ série de 3 groupes verbaux au passé actif ] at a military ambulance.
The soldier was the third member of the US military to die in the Iraqi capital in the past three days.
He was the latest in a list of casualties since Saddam Hussein's fall. Another US soldier
is killed by Iraq grenade attack,
House prices posted a strong rise this month, helping to offset some of the stock market losses homeowners will have suffered, Nationwide building society said yesterday. House price rises
offset dwindling markets,
Explication : cet article fait un bilan mensuel des prix de l'immobilier.
Il est publié le 31 janvier ; ce mois est présenté comme une période révolue, d'où le passé.
Over the past decade, Cowgate enjoyed an urban renaissance, its cheek-by-jowl gathering of pubs, clubs and the Gilded Balloon comedy club becoming increasingly fashionable. And then came the recent fire. Thirteen buildings in this World Heritage site were gutted. What, then, will happen to this gloriously atmospheric quarter of old Edinburgh? How can anyone hope to re-create the rich life, let alone the haunted patina of buildings that have developed their special character over recent decades and past centuries?
Starting over,
Over the past decade, Cowgate enjoyed -> bilan d'une période révolue (1990-2000) -> passé actif.
... buildings that have developed their special character over RECENT decades and past centuries -> la période de référence du bilan court jusqu'au présent -> present perfect affirmatif actif.
Ce n'est donc pas seulement over qui déclenche telle ou telle forme verbale, mais aussi le sens du Groupe Nominal (GN) :
over the past decade -> passé -> passé.
over recent decades and past centuries -> continuité entre passé et présent -> present perfect.
In many ways, 2002 was a good year for the theatre.
Standards of acting, directing, design and lighting were astonishingly high.
New plays poured out in abundance.
And the effects of the government's extra £25m in funding began to be felt, not least in more adventurous regional programming.
Yet there was something missing: a strange dearth of plays that grappled with public issues or portrayed what is like to live in Britain today. Modern life is rubbish,
Immigration soared by 25 per cent to reach almost 126,000 people last year, according to official figures published yesterday.
Immigration increases by quarter to a
record,
20bn texts were sent worldwide in 2001 - [ passé passif ] 1bn in the UK. 'Hi, I'm in G2, G2, p. 3, 11.11.2002.
The employers’ organisation said the rate of annual growth last month was the strongest for almost 14 years as the early Easter and good weather lured out shoppers.
Hopes
lift for manufacturing recovery,
Unemployment in Britain tumbled to its lowest level in 27 years last month as the retail boom outweighed widespread job losses in manufacturing and IT. UK
unemployment drops to lowest level in 27 years,
The results of the British Crime Survey, published yesterday, suggested that crime fell by 9% during 2002. [ passé actif ] Public blind to fall in crime:
Les énoncés suivants montrent bien la différence entre passé et present perfect / présent.
Dans la deuxième phrase, l'énonciateur se veut factuel :
il rapporte un bilan sur une période révolue (last year = 2002).
Il utilise donc le passé.
A la phrase suivante, il fait un bilan, dont la période de référence implicite court jusqu'au
présent : At the same time n'est pas ici un marqueur de temps passé.
Cette séquence argumentative se traduit par "pourtant / cependant / mais", et non pas "sur la même période".
Les deux formes verbales suivantes sont d'ailleurs au présent : end (présent) et has never been (present perfect).
We are living in a boom time for rape.
Last year women reported 27% more rapes than in the year before.
At the same time, convictions have plummeted to a record-breaking low: only 5.8% of reported rapes end with a conviction, down from 7.5% in 1999 and 33% in 1977.
Not just a boom time for rape, then - also a boom time for rapists.
There has never been a better time to rape and get away with it.
Sexual violence
is encouraged
passé > valeur > bilan
reprise de l'information initiale (reprise détaillée ou non)
Britain has enjoyed the sunniest March for more than 40 years, [ present perfect affirmatif actif ] according to met office figures released yesterday.
Record-breaking hours of sunshine have been experienced [ present perfect affirmatif passif ] in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
England and Wales experienced an average [ passé actif ] of 5.41 hours of sunshine each day, the sunniest since records began in 1961, [ passé actif ] beating the previous record of 5.04 hours in 1995.
In Northern Ireland there was an average of 5.23 hours, [ passé actif ] again the sunniest since 1961, beating the 4.74 hours of 1982, and in Scotland the story was the same [ passé actif ] - 4.86 hours of sunshine each day, beating the 4.06 hours seen in 2001. Sunniest March for 40 years, GE, p. 5, 1.4.2003
A 12-year-old girl has become the first person under 16 in Britain to be electronically tagged, it emerged yesterday.
[ début de l’article ] The device, fitted to her right leg, is active 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Tom Stacey, director of the Offenders Tag Association, said the girl was at the lowest age at which anyone could be tagged in Britain and was the first person of her age to be tagged.
Girl,
12, becomes youngest Briton to be tagged,
Bilan au passé avec marqueur de temps passé
Insertion d'un événement dans une chronologie explicite / implicite, présentation historique d'un événement :
concordance des temps au passé
Bomb takes [ titre au présent simple actif ] US toll in Iraq war to 500
Roadside bomb leaves five dead [ sous-titre au présent simple actif ]
The number of US soldiers killed in Iraq since the invasion in March climbed [ passé actif ] to 500 yesterday when a roadside bomb killed [ passé actif ] three US soldiers and two Iraqi troops.
The Americans, from the 4th Infantry Division, and the Iraqis, from the Iraqi Civil Defence Corps, died [ passé actif ] when their patrol was hit [ passé passif ] by a powerful roadside bomb at Taji, 20 miles north of Baghdad.
Two artillery shells buried in the ground detonated [ passé actif ] at 7:45am, destroying a Bradley Fighting Vehicle.
Two other US soldiers were injured [ passé passif ] and were flown [ passé passif ] by helicopter back to a field hospital in the capital where they were [ passé actif ] in a 'stable' condition last night. Headline, sub and first §§,O, 18.1.2004, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jan/18/ iraq
The death of four more American soldiers in Iraq yesterday took [ passé actif ] to 102 the number killed in military action since President George Bush announced [ passé actif ] the end of major combat operations.
Death toll passes 100 for US
occupation forces,
Alex DT 6 February 2004
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?view=
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
past perfect > valeurs énonciatives
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