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History > 20th century > USA > Civil rights
Segregationists 1940s-1960s
2005
Edgar Ray Killen
'Mississippi Burning' trial
guilty of manslaughter in the deaths of three young and idealistic civil rights workers
(...)
the disappearance of the three men, Andrew Goodman, 20, Michael Schwerner, 24, and James Earl Chaney, 21, on June 21, 1964, drew the national news media and hundreds of searchers to Neshoba County, while Mississippi officials said publicly that the disappearance was a hoax intended to draw attention.
When the three bodies - two white, one black - were found under 15 feet of earth on a nearby farm, the nation's horror helped galvanize the civil rights movement. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/22/national/22civil.html
https://edition.cnn.com/2005/LAW/06/13/miss.killings/index.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/22/
Governor George C. Wallace 1919-1998
George Wallace at a 1970 rally for governor in Arab, Ala.
Photograph: D. Gorton
Photographing the White South in the Turbulence of the 1960s Doy Gorton, a son of the Mississippi Delta who joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, returned to Mississippi to embark on a project photographing his fellow white Southerners. The New York Times Sept. 13, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/13/
George C. Wallace, addressing a campaign rally in 1968.
Photograph: Howard Sochurek The LIFE Images Collection, Getty Images
What Donald Trump Owes George Wallace NYT JAN. 8, 2016
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/
George Wallace surrounded by journalists, Oct. 29, 1968.
Photograph: Preston Stroup Associated Press
What the Tumultuous Year 1968 Can Teach Us About Today NYT Oct.24, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/24/
Gov. Alabama, George C. Wallace, conducting racist political campaign.
Location: Cambridge, MD, US
Date taken: May 1964
Photographer: Stan Wayman
Life Images
Representatives of the Department of Justice confronting George Wallace as he took a stand against integration at the University of Alabama.
[ Anglonautes' note: Tuscaloosa, Alabama, June 11, 1963. ]
Photograph: Bettmann Archive/Getty Images
Alabama Cherishes Its History of Defying the Federal Courts NYT Sept. 6, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/06/
After pledging, ‘‘Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!’’ in his 1963 inaugural address, Alabama Governor George Wallace gained national notoriety by standing at the entrance to the University of Alabama to denounce the enrollment of two African American students.
Martin Luther King described Wallace as ‘‘perhaps the most dangerous racist in America today’’ (King, ‘‘Interview’’).
In a 1965 interview King said: ‘‘I am not sure that he believes all the poison that he preaches,’’ King said in 1965, ‘‘but he is artful enough to convince others that he does’’ (King, ‘‘Interview’’).
Wallace was born on 25 August 1919, in Clio, Alabama.
The son of a farmer, he worked his way through the University of Alabama, earning his law degree in 1942.
After a brief time in the Air Force, Wallace returned to Alabama to work as the state’s assistant attorney general.
He was elected to the state legislature in 1947, and served as a district judge from 1953 to 1959.
In his early political career he maintained a moderate stance on integration; but after losing his first gubernatorial campaign to a candidate who was endorsed by the Ku Klux Klan, Wallace became an outspoken defender of segregation.
In 1962 Wallace won the governorship on a segregationist platform, receiving the largest vote of any gubernatorial candidate in Alabama’s history until that time.
http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/kingweb/
"In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this earth, I draw a line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever!" – George Wallace, 1963
To many, George Wallace was the embodiment of racism in America.
To others, he was a champion of Southern pride and a defender of the working class.
He rose to power as the nation’s best-known segregationist in the early 1960s, but later in his career he was elected governor of Alabama with overwhelming black support.
A Golden Gloves fighter, he battled his way into the national spotlight and came close to deadlocking the 1968 presidential election as a third-party candidate -- then was shot down by a would-be assassin on the eve of his greatest political victory.
Wallace would spend his remaining years seeking redemption for the divisiveness he had once preached and asking forgiveness from those he had scorned https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/wallace/ - Aired April 23, 2000
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/06/
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/24/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/13/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/01/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/
http://www.npr.org/2013/06/11/
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/10/us/
http://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/oct/18/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/30/
http://www.npr.org/2003/06/11/1294680/
1966
Ernest Avants and two fellow Ku Klux Klansman abduct and kill Ben Chester White, a black farmhand, in the hope that the heinousness of the crime would lure the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to Natchez, Miss.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/us/
https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2826063&page=4 - 26 January 2007
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/17/us/
1965
Selma-to-Montgomery Voting Rights March
George C. Wallace
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
https://archives.alabama.gov/govs_list/g_wallac.html
June 1964
Michael Schwerner, James Chaney and Andrew Goodman, three civil-rights campaigners beaten and shot dead by Ku Klux Klan members in Philadelphia, Mississippi
http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2014/06/19/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/16/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/22/us/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/11/usa.
http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/18/us/mississippi-
The Ku Klux Klan's May 2, 1964, abduction and slayings of Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
Klansman James Seale
http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-24
"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll" is a topical song written by the American musician Bob Dylan.
Recorded on October 23, 1963, the song was released on Dylan's 1964 album 'The Times They Are a-Changin' and gives a generally factual account of the killing of 51-year-old barmaid Hattie Carroll by the wealthy young tobacco farmer from Charles County, Maryland, William Devereux "Billy" Zantzinger (whom the song calls "William Zanzinger"), and his subsequent sentence to six months in a county jail.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
June 11, 1963
Alabama Governor George C. Wallace
At his inauguration as governor of Alabama in January that year, Wallace vowed to maintain "segregation forever", fulfilling the promise by barring the students.
When the moment came, his willingness to enforce the pledge proved nominal; a carefully scripted performance, choreographed by the governor's office and the federal authorities in Washington, led by President John F Kennedy's attorney general brother Robert, allowed Wallace to state his position, while avoiding confrontation.
Making the gesture, however, catapulted him on to the national scene and assured his re-election as a populist Democrat.
In 1996, two years before his death, he apologised to Jones (Vivian Malone Jones) and asked for
her forgiveness. was an oppressively hot day in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, the heat and humidity soaring to more than 100F - an apt metaphor for the climate of US race relations at the time.
Vivian Malone and James Hood, the other black student wishing to enroll, waited in a car, while state troopers surrounded the university's Foster Auditorium, and Wallace stood in the doorway.
Deputy attorney general Nicholas Katzenbach, flanked by federal marshals, went up to Wallace and asked him to abide by a federal court order.
Wallace read his statement citing states' rights to organise education, while Katzenbach telephoned the president, who federalised the Alabama national guard.
The governor then left and the students, now under national guard protection, were admitted.
Later that night, the black civil rights leader Medgar Evers was gunned down outside his house in Jackson, Mississippi.
President Kennedy had just delivered his landmark speech explaining the "moral crisis" facing America, and the need for intervention on behalf of the black students.
His public confrontation with the south's most stringent segregationist put the Democratic party squarely on the side of the civil rights movement and changed the course of US politics for decades.
Dr Martin Luther King's "I have a dream" speech came two months later at a civil rights march in Washington.
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/oct/18/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/oct/18/
George C. Wallace (L) by Richard Avedon (R) The Guardian 2 October 2004
1963
Birmingham church bombing
George C. Wallace
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/30/
White segregationist demonstrators protesting in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1959.
Photograph: Universal History Archive/UIG via Getty Images
The secret history of Trumpism G 16 August 2016
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/16/
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