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History > USA > Civil rights > White supremacist violence
Ku Klux Klan (K.K.K.)
The member saluting the American flag and then the Confederate flag during the Ku Klux Klan's secret membership ritual.
Location: Atlanta, GA, US
Date taken: May 1946
Photographer: Ed Clark
Life Images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=df2cabad70de7c2a
Bikers and Ku Klux Klan members, festooned with Iron Crosses and swastikas, menaced a group of white Mississippi college students who had gathered to discuss race and religion.
1969.
Photograph: D. Gorton
Photographing the White South
in the Turbulence of the 1960s who joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, returned to Mississippi to embark on a project photographing his fellow white Southerners. NYT Sept. 13, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/13/
A Ku Klux Klan rally in Atlanta on Aug. 6, 1965.
Photograph: Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images
Was Charlottesville the Exception or the Rule? NYT SEPT. 13, 2017
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/13/
Pooler, Ga. 1957.
Photograph: Fred Baldwin
At 90, Photographer Fred Baldwin Still Has ‘So Much Work Left to Do’ Having documented Sami herders and the civil rights movement, and having just published a memoir, the photographer says his life’s work is far from complete. NYT May 29, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/29/
Since 1865, the Ku Klux Klan has provided a vehicle for hatred in America.
Photograph: Corbis, via Getty Images
White Supremacy Was Her World. And Then She Left. To stop hate, we have to understand it. July 17, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/
A 1927 Ku Klux Klan parade in Washington DC.
Photograph: Buyenlarge/Getty Images
End of the American dream? The dark history of 'America first' When he promised to put America first in his inaugural speech, Donald Trump drew on a slogan with a long and sinister history – a sign of what was to follow in his presidency G Sat 21 Apr 2018 08.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/21/
Ku Klux Klan members paraded down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington in August 1925 to show their dominance and presence in American life.
Photograph: Bettmann/Getty Images
A Century Ago, White Protestant Extremism Marched on Washington Kelly J. Baker is a writer and scholar of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. She sees frightening similarities between that culture and the violence at the Capitol on Jan. 6. NYT February 7, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/07/
There were an estimated four to six million Klan members in 1925, when the group marched in Washington.
Photograph: Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group, via Getty Images
A Century Ago, White Protestant Extremism Marched on Washington Kelly J. Baker is a writer and scholar of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. She sees frightening similarities between that culture and the violence at the Capitol on Jan. 6. NYT February 7, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/07/
A Ku Klux Klan parade in Binghamton, New York, in the 1920s.
Photograph: Bettmann Archive
Behold, America by Sarah Churchwell review – the underside of the ‘American dream’ This timely survey traces the political roots of the current ‘America First’ movement back to the early 20th century G Sat 14 Jul 2018 07.30 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/14/
The Ku Klux Klan assembled for initiations, c. 1920s
Photograph: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
The Power of Pictures: Viewing History Through America's Library NYT 13 April 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/
Thousands of new members take the Klan oath at an initiation ritual in Marion, Ind., in 1922.
Photograph: Ball State University Libraries’ Archives and Special Collections
The Rise and Fall of a Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan In a new book, Timothy Egan traces the Klan’s expansion in the 1920s across American political and civic life. Then its leader, David C. Stephenson, committed murder. NYT April 2, 2023
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/02/
Ku Klux Klan
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http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/03/
http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/08/09/
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http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/11/usa.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/18/ http://www.slate.com/id/2258661
KKK > Edgar Ray Killen 1925-2017
David Curtis "Steve" Stephenson 1891-1966
central figure in the Klan’s expansion across the American Midwest of the 1920s
(...)
Stephenson was an early-20th-century type: a malign Harold Hill, a man of uncertain origin and sinister charm who grifted his way from town to town, his eye on the main chance.
Egan charts his ascension from a street-corner “gasbag” into a demagogue of the first order.
He studied Mussolini’s speeches and described himself as the world’s “foremost mass psychologist”:
He understood what made people hate.
Less than two years after donning the hood and robe, Stephenson controlled the Klan in 21 states.
He ruled from an office that featured, on his desk, seven black telephones and a white one — a direct line, he claimed, to the president of the United States, a title he expected to hold someday.
But Stephenson’s ambitions were at odds with his pathologies.
He was a monster of a man.
Extortion and embezzlement made him rich, ostentatiously so;
the Klan made him powerful and, for a time, untouchable.
At his garish mansion or on his 98-foot yacht, Stephenson threw parties that “would have shamed Nero,” one associate recalled.
While Klan vigilantes roamed the state, stamping out licentiousness, the Grand Dragon and his guests — judges and elected officials, captains of industry — drank bootlegged liquor amid “bacchanals of bad taste,” as Egan puts it.
The more Stephenson had to drink, the less pretense he made of libertine fun.
He was a sadistic sexual predator.
He beat his second wife so savagely it took her months to recover.
He drugged women and sexually assaulted them; he tore their flesh with his teeth.
On occasion he spent a night in jail, only to be escorted out, quickly and quietly, the next morning.
“I am the law,” he crowed to his cohort — less a boast than, it seemed, a basic truth.
In that sense, Stephenson’s 1925 abduction, rape and murder of a woman named Madge Oberholtzer was less surprising than the fact that he was, in the end, held accountable for it.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/02/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/02/
From June of 1964 to January of '65, just six months, K.K.K. nightriders burned 31 black churches across Mississippi, according to F.B.I. records.
https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/04/
Viola Liuzzo's murder March 25, 1965
Lyndon B. Johnson's speech > FBI files
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Viola Gregg Liuzzo 1925 - March 25, 1965
Liuzzo was shot to death by Ku Klux Klan members following a voting rights march in Alabama.
AP
Killed For Taking Part In 'Everybody's Fight' NPR August 12, 2013 2:55 AM ET
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/12/
39-year-old wife of a Detroit teamsters official and mother of four, who had come to Alabama to help in the Selma-to-Montgomery civil rights march in the spring of 1965.
On March 25, the day after the procession, as she drove a young black volunteer home, she was shot to death on a desolate stretch of road.
https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/
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https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/23/
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/12/
https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/31/
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Willie Louis 1937-2013
Willie Louis (...) named the killers of Emmett Till at their trial
18-year-old Mr. Reed, after braving intimidation from one of the suspects and walking through the thicket of Klansmen massed outside the courthouse, testified in open court to what he had seen and heard.
The son of a family of black sharecroppers, Mr. Reed was spirited out of Mississippi immediately after the trial.
He changed his name to Willie Louis and lived discreetly in Chicago, where he worked as a hospital orderly.
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/25/
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/25/
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/07/25/us/
Olen Lavelle Burrage 1930-2013
Ku Klux Klan member who owned the Mississippi farm where the bodies of three slain civil rights workers were found in 1964
[ ... ]
The killing of the voter-registration volunteers Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman and James Chaney on the night of June 21-22 in Philadelphia shocked the nation, leading to the passage of the Voting Rights Act the next year.
Along with bombings of black churches and other atrocities by the Klan, it also helped cement Mississippi’s image as a haven of bigotry.
The case was the subject of several books and was dramatized in the 1988 movie “Mississippi Burning.” After local prosecutors declined to bring murder charges against anyone, the federal government indicted 18 men on charges of conspiring to violate the civil rights of the trio on a lonely rural road in June 1964.
(The federal government cannot bring murder charges, except for murders on federal property.)
Mr. Burrage was one of eight who were acquitted in 1967.
Seven were convicted, and the jury deadlocked on the other three.
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/
Byron De La Beckwith 1920-2001
Mr. Beckwith was serving a life term for the 1963 killing of Medgar Evers, the Mississippi field secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
The shooting of Mr. Evers, who was 37, outside his Jackson home was one of the most notorious events in the violence that marked the civil rights era.
The victim's wife, Myrlie, and their three young children had been watching President John F. Kennedy give a televised address on civil rights on the night of June 12, 1963.
Mr. Evers was at a meeting of civil rights workers at a nearby church.
Moments after Mr. Evers stepped out of the car, a sniper hiding in a clump of honeysuckle vines shot him with a high-powered hunting rifle.
Mrs. Evers found her mortally wounded husband at the steps by a door to their house, where he had managed to drag himself after the bullet struck him in the back and tore through his chest.
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/23/us/
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http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/08/
http://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/17/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/19/us/
1966
Ernest Avants and two fellow Ku Klux Klansman abduct and kill Ben Chester White, a black farmhand, in the hope that the heinousness of the crime would lure the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to Natchez, Miss.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/us/21kornblum.html
https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2826063&page=4
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/17/us/ernest-avants-72-plotter-against-dr-king.html
https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=2826063&page=4
White supremacist violence during the civil rights era
Former Ku Klux Klansman James Ford Seale [ 1934 or 1935 – 2011 ] was convicted on federal kidnapping charges more than 40 years after the abduction, torture and drowning of two black teenagers near the Mississippi- Louisiana border in 1964
[ ... ]
Mr. Moore, a sawmill worker, and Mr. Dee, a college student, were 19 when they disappeared on May 2, 1964, last seen hitchhiking on a highway near Meadville, Miss.
Two months later, on July 12, a fisherman spotted Mr. Moore’s body in a Mississippi River backwater called the Old River.
Mr. Dee was found the next day.
[ ... ]
According to F.B.I. reports, the Klan believed that Mr. Moore and Mr. Dee were Black Muslims plotting an armed uprising.
The two were taken deep into the nearby Homochitto National Forest, where they were tied to trees and whipped.
They were then driven across the state line to Louisiana, where they were tied to an engine block and thrown into the river with tape over their mouths. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/us/05seale.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/us/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/11/
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/25/us/
On June 21, 1964, three civil rights workers who were registering voters in Philadelphia — James Chaney, who was black, and Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner, who were white — were murdered.
In a 1967 trial, seven of 18 defendants were convicted of conspiracy.
Then in 2005, Edgar Ray Killen, an 80-year-old former Klansman, was convicted of manslaughter for the killings and sentenced to 60 years in prison. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/22/us/22mayor.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/12/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/22/us/22mayor.html
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/11/
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/22/national/22civil.html
civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner are murdered by Ku Klux Klan members
The Ku Klux Klan's May 2, 1964, abduction and slayings of Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
Klansman James Seale
http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-24-
Sep. 15, 1963
Birmingham, Alabama
Racial killings
Four young girls attending Sunday school are killed in the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church
Only one man, Robert E. Chambliss, a member of the Ku Klux Klan, (was) convicted, in 1977.
(a) new investigation led to the conviction of two other Klansmen, Thomas Blanton Jr. and Bobby Frank Cherry. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/13/us/13woods.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/13/
November 1948
Robert Mallard 1910 or 1911 - November 20, 1948
Robert Childs "Big Duck" Mallard was an African American traveling casket salesman and landowner, who was shot and lynched by a group of about 20 members of the Ku Klux Klan in Lyons, Toombs County, Georgia.
The people charged with his murder were acquitted by an all-white jury.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://books.google.fr/books
In the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan ran Colorado.
Klan-affiliated politicians controlled the state House of Representatives.
The governor was a Klansman; so was the mayor of Denver.
It wasn't uncommon for the terrorist group to march through the streets in white robes and those sinister pointy-hat masks, sticking crosses in the lawns of black families, setting them ablaze.
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/08/09/
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/08/09/
1871
The Ku Klux Klan Act is passed, giving the federal government the right to mete out punishment where civil rights laws are not upheld and to use military force against anti-civil rights conspiracies
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/
Enforcement Act - passed between 1868 and 1870
The charge of "conspiracy against rights" (...) was passed after the Civil War as a way to stop members of the Ku Klux Klan and other similar organizations from intimidating, harassing and outright terrorizing Black voters especially in the South.
This law was part of the Enforcement Act, passed between 1868 and 1870, and "served as the basis for federal activism in prosecuting corruption of the franchise until most of them were repealed in the 1890s," according to the Justice Department.
https://www.npr.org/2023/08/01/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.npr.org/2023/08/01/
Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest 1821-1877
Confederate general, slave trader and onetime leader of the Ku Klux Klan.
https://www.npr.org/2019/07/14/
https://www.npr.org/2019/07/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/20/
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