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learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
GV > auxiliaires > modaux
hypothèse, prévision > degrés hypothétiques
could
contexte > science > prévision, modélisation
The Nation's Weather
March 24, 2007 Filed at 5:21 a.m. ET The New York Times By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Heavy showers and thunderstorms are likely in the Southern and Central Plains on Saturday, and temperatures could drop as a cold front moves into the region. Meanwhile, severe weather that brought tornadoes to parts of New Mexico on Friday could affect areas spanning from northern Texas through Nebraska. Rain is expected in the Rockies, and several inches of snow are likely in higher elevations of New Mexico and Colorado. A slow-moving front is expected to move through the upper Mississippi Valley, Ohio Valley and Mid-Atlantic regions. New England could get rain and snow. Temperatures ranging from the 40s to 60s are expected in the Northwest, and rain is likely in Washington state. In the Northeast, temperatures ranging from the 30s to 50s is expected, while the Southeast could see temperatures in the 80s. Temperatures in the lower 48 states Friday ranged from a low of 17 degrees at Farson, Wyo.,
to a high of 89 degrees at Naples, Fla.
The Nation's Weather,
A l'inverse de could, may place le co-énonciateur / la co-énonciatrice dans le spéculatif, l'aléatoire, le virtuel, l'éventualité.
Dans l'article ci-dessous sur l'hépatite C,, publié le même jour (30 septembre 2005) que le texte sur la grippe aviaire, le titre est modalisé en may car il s'agit d'une hypothèse qui, si elle n'est pas complètement nouvelle, n'a pas le même degré de récurrence dans les média.
Pour le lecteur / la lectrice peu informé (-e) sur l'hépatite C, ce titre en may surprend, attire l'attention.
Qui plus est, l'emploi de ce modal permet au journaliste - dans le titre, pas dans le premier paragraphe - de rester prudent sur ce qu'il avance.
Hepatitis C timebomb may kill 150,000
By Jeremy Laurance, Health Editor Published: 30 September 2005 The Independent
Up to 150,000 people in Britain are expected to die over the next 20 years from a treatable disease that most do not know they have. A silent epidemic of hepatitis C, a blood-borne virus, has infected an estimated 500,000 people in the UK and new cases are rising faster here than in other European countries, specialists said yesterday. Typical victims of the illness are middle-class professional men and women who dabbled in drugs in their youth and contracted the infection through sharing needles. Other people became infected through contaminated blood transfusions before testing for hepatitis C was introduced in 1991. The disease is already the main reason for liver transplants, and it will kill more people than Aids by 2020. The scale of the problem has been recognised by the Government, which published an action plan to tackle it last year. But in a report published yesterday, the Hepatitis C Trust, a charity for sufferers, said that Britain was at the bottom of the European league on treatment, with fewer than 2 per cent of cases receiving drugs, compared with 15 per cent in France. Drug treatment costs £6,000 to £12,000 per case, and cures more than half of sufferers. It has been approved for use on the NHS by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Nice), but the disease has no symptoms in its early stages and only one in 10 sufferers knows they are infected.
Hepatitis C timebomb
may kill 150,000,
Dans l'article ci-dessous, qui traite de la présence de méthane sur Mars, deux voix énonciatives se répondent, celles du journaliste et de l'astronome Andrew Coates.
§2 - Première hypothèse du scientifique : d'après ce que l'on sait aujourd'hui de l'atmosphère de Mars, moi, astronome, je suis en mesure d'avancer que la présence de méthane doit être de courte durée, elle doit durer tout au plus quelques centaines d'années.
"Methane should be short-lived in that atmosphere. It should last for less than a few hundred years,"
L'énonciateur n'est pas complètement certain de ce qu'il dit, il ne dit pas is, il modalise : should indique ici qu'il reste une marge d'erreur.
La validité de l'énoncé reste relative.
§3 - Constructions hypothétique et linguistique.
A partir de cette première hypothèse, l'astronome en déduit une seconde : puisque il y a du méthane sur Mars, et que ce gaz disparaît rapidement (en temps astronomique) dans l'atmosphère martienne, c'est qu'il a dû être émis récemment :
donc / par conséquent (so), il doit nécessairement / certainement (must) il y avoir une source récente, peut-être même actuelle :
So there must be a very recent source, perhaps even a current source.
Must, ici utilisé dans sa valeur épistémique (j'estime que...), marque aussi le passage logique de la première à la seconde hypothèse : si 1, alors 2.
Le scientifique poursuit sa déduction.
Si il existe une source d'émission, il n'y a que deux possibilités connues : activité volcanique ou forme de vie.
Le champ du possible est ici délimité par could :
The two possible sources could be volcanism - very recent or current volcanism - or life.
Traduction : Les deux sources possibles pourraient être le volcanisme ou une forme de vie.
A l'inverse, l'astronome ne modalise pas lorsqu'il affirme - c'est une donnée scientifique - que toute forme de vie sur Terre produit du méthane (3e personne singulier du présent simple : produce + s) :
"All life as we know it on Earth, even down to the tiniest microbe, produces methane as a byproduct."
§5. Autre voix énonciative : le journaliste utilise can pour présenter ce qui est, selon lui, une caractéristique inhérente de Mars.
Quelle que soit la réponse au problème - volcanisme ou vie -, moi, journaliste, je peux désormais vous affirmer que la planète rouge ne peut plus être considérée comme une planète morte :
Either way, the red planet can no longer be considered a dead planet.
Le journaliste, ou le sub-editor, reste prudent dans le titre : un gaz pourrait fournir un indice...
may indique ici un degré hypothétique élevé :
Gas may yield clue to life on Mars
§7. Dernière phase de la déduction : étant donné qu'il y aurait (conditionnel) des signes d'une activité volcanique relativement récente - tentative evidence of relatively recent, small-scale volcanism -, il y a de fortes chances pour que le méthane soit d'origine volcanique.
Traduction explicative : le méthane pourrait bien être d'origine volcanique :
"So there is certainly a good chance that it could be volcanism," Dr Coates said.
Gas may yield clue to life on Mars
1. Scientists yesterday confirmed the presence of methane on Mars, raising two possibilities - volcanos, or life on the red planet.
2. "Methane should be short-lived in that atmosphere. It should last for less than a few hundred years," Andrew Coates, of the Mullard space science laboratory at University College London, told the British Association science festival in Exeter.
3. "So there must be a very recent source, perhaps even a current source. The two possible sources could be volcanism - very recent or current volcanism - or life. All life as we know it on Earth, even down to the tiniest microbe, produces methane as a byproduct."
4. Mars was once an active planet: Mons Olympus on Mars is the biggest volcano in the solar system. But the planet has not been volcanic on any large scale for at least 3.8bn years.
5. So even if the source of the methane is geological rather than biological, the discovery is enough to set pulses racing in planetary science laboratories. Either way, the red planet can no longer be considered a dead planet.
6. There is tentative evidence of relatively recent, small-scale volcanism.
7. "So there is certainly a good chance that it could be volcanism," Dr Coates said. Headline and first §§, G, 10.9.2004, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/sep/10/ starsgalaxiesandplanets.spaceexploration
Pluto may have three moons, instead of one
Mon Oct 31, 2005 10:59 PM ET Reuters By Deborah Zabarenko
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Pluto, that cosmic oddball at the far reaches of our solar system, may have three moons instead of one, scientists announced on Monday. Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope glimpsed the two new satellites back in May, and were intrigued when the pair of possible moons appeared to move around Pluto over three days in what looked like a nearly circular orbit. If confirmed by the International Astronomical Union, they will get official names based on classical mythology, joining Pluto's moon Charon, which is named for the ferryman of the dead. Pluto is named for the lord of the underworld. For now, the new satellites are called simply P1 and P2. One of the scientists who discovered the satellites couldn't resist making some spooky allusions with the announcement. "It's ... strictly coincidental that Pluto of course was named for the god of the underworld and we're describing these Halloween moons," said Alan Stern of the Southwest Research Institute in a telephone news conference. Pluto's first known moon, Charon, was discovered in 1978. Charon is about half Pluto's size, making it less like a satellite and more like a sibling, and many scientists consider Pluto and Charon to be a binary system, with the moon orbiting about 12,000 miles from the planet. The newfound putative satellites are likely much smaller than Charon, ranging in size from perhaps 30 miles to 100 miles in diameter.
Scientists are still trying to figure this out.
More information and images are available online at http://hubblesite.org/news/2005/19/ ,
Pluto may have three moons,
instead of one, R, 31.10.2005,
should + Nsujet + Base Verbale
“Should locals have concerns, we encourage them to come forward,” she wrote.
structure verbale
hadauxiliaire + Nsujet + Vau participe passé
Had she been put to death, Newton would have been the first black woman to be executed in Texas and the fourth woman to be executed in the state since 1863.
In Afghan South, U.S. Faces Frustrated Residents
October 16, 2010 The New York Times By CARLOTTA GALL
KANDAHAR, Afghanistan — As American troops mount a critical operation this
weekend in the campaign to regain control in Kandahar, they face not only the
Taliban but also a frustrated and disillusioned population whose land has been
devastated by five years of fighting.
we encourage them to come forward,”
she wrote. and Ruhullah Khapalwak from Kabul.
In Afghan South, U.S.
Faces Frustrated Residents,
HOUSTON, Texas (Reuters) - Texas Gov. Rick Perry granted a rare stay of execution to a Houston woman just hours before she was scheduled to die on Wednesday night by lethal injection for the 1987 murder of her husband and two children. Frances Newton, 39, has protested her innocence since she was charged in the shooting deaths of her husband Adrian, 23, son Alton, 7, and daughter Farrah, 21 months, in what prosecutors said was an attempt to collect $100,000 from life insurance policies on her family.
Had she been put to death, Newton would have been the first black woman to be executed in Texas and the fourth woman to be executed in the state since 1863.
Governor Stays Texas Woman's Wednesday Execution,
Accidents will happen and illness can strike, but many of us seem to assume that our charmed lives will last for ever. According to research from the Alliance & Leicester bank, almost a third of Britons haven't got life assurance.
Of course, no one wants to dwell on thoughts of what might happen should they die, but the beginning of National Breast Cancer Awareness month ought to remind us that it's vital we do think the unthinkable if we don't want our loved ones to struggle financially.
So you think disaster will
never strike?: A third of us have no life cover.
may
extralinguistique > éventualité, hypothèse pure, hypothèse première (ce qu'on a tout d'abord envisagé)
linguistique > forme première
Active Shooter Drills May Not Stop A School Shooting — But This Method Could
November 27, 2019 NPR
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/27/
vs.
could
extralinguistique (référence au réel, à tout ce qui n'est pas le langage) :
potentialité du référent du Nsujet, possibilité, forte possibilité, probabilité, forte probabilité
Pro-Palestine march in London set to draw hundreds of thousands of people
Organisers say rally on Armistice Day could be one of the largest political marches in British history
Guardian screenshot 11 November 2023
Sea level changes could drastically affect Calif. beaches by the end of the century
August 22, 2023 NPR
California's beaches are world famous. But new research indicates many could disappear by the century's end due to erosion from sea level rise.
"The shoreline... is probably going to retreat landward about 30 meters or more for every meter of sea level rise you get," said Sean Vitousek, a research oceanographer at the U. S. Geological Survey and lead author of the report.
"When you get into three meters of sea level rise, you're talking almost 300 feet of erosion... not to mention the flooding challenges that are also associated with sea level rise."
Using nearly four decades of satellite images and models of predicted sea level rise and global wave patterns, the researchers estimate 25 to 75 percent of California's beaches "may become completely eroded" by 2100.
So how much sea level rise will the state get in the coming decades? Anywhere from two to 10 feet, depending on two major factors.
One is ocean warming, which causes the water to expand. Another is the melting of land ice.
"The ice in Greenland holds about seven meters of sea level and the ice in Antarctica holds about 70 meters of sea level.
So the big uncertainty is really understanding what the global temperature is going to be like and how much of that ice melts," Vitousek said.
He emphasizes that the study is a prediction, not a forecast.
Nature is more complicated than data or computer models.
https://www.npr.org/2023/08/22/
Experts are concerned Thanksgiving gatherings could accelerate a 'tripledemic'
For each of the last two years, Thanksgiving helped usher in some very unwelcome guests: Devastating waves of COVID-19.
No one thinks this year will be anything like the last two dark pandemic winters, at least when it comes to COVID-19.
But the country is now dealing with a different kind of threat — an unpredictable confluence of old and new respiratory pathogens.
"We're facing an onslaught of three viruses — COVID, RSV and influenza. All simultaneously," says Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University. "We're calling this a tripledemic."
Flu and RSV are back, big time The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) began surging unseasonably early this year, infecting babies and young children who had little or no immunity to that virus, which wasn't circulating all that much over the past two years, in part, because of COVID-19 precautions.
The RSV resurgence is still flooding pediatric emergency rooms and intensive care units across the country.
Some parents are being forced to wait more than eight hours in emergency rooms for treatment for their very sick kids.
"Intensive care units are at or above capacity in every children's hospital in the United States right now," says Amy Knight, president of the Children's Hospital Association.
"It's very, very scary for parents."
At the same time, an unusually early and severe flu season is surging, dominated by the H3N2 strain, which often strikes kids and older people especially hard.
"Influenza has hit the southeastern United States.
It's moved into the Southwest.
It's going up the East Coast and into the Midwest with some ferocity," Schaffner says.
From coast to coast, hospitalizations for the flu are at the highest level for this time of year in a decade, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
"Flu activity is high right now and continuing to increase," says Lynnette Brammer, an epidemiologist in the CDC's influenza division.
"The good news is, the vaccines this year are well-matched to the viruses that are currently circulating, and there is still time to get vaccinated."
November 22, 2022 NPR
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/11/22/
could > linguistique :
forme seconde / anaphorique, référenciation, comparaison
Active Shooter Drills May Not Stop A School Shooting — But This Method Could
November 27, 2019 NPR
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/27/
autres énoncés
The Guardian p. 1 11 January 2007
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jan/11/
The Guardian p. 3 7 December 2005
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/dec/07/
What Trump's Increasing Isolation Could Mean For His Presidency
August 19, 2017 7:00 AM ET NPR
https://www.npr.org/2017/08/19/
Scientists link plastic food containers with breast cancer
A chemical widely used in food packaging may be a contributing factor to women developing breast cancer, scientists have suggested.
Headline
and §1, G, 30.5.2005,
Decoded at last: the 'classical holy grail' that may rewrite the history of the world
Scientists begin to
unlock the secrets
For more than a century, it has caused
excitement and frustration in equal measure - a collection of Greek and Roman
writings so vast it could redraw the map of classical civilisation. If only it
was legible.
Headline, sub and first §§, IoS, 17.4.2005,
The true horror emerges
· Children may make up a third of dead, says UN · Disease could double toll
The death toll in the Asian tsunami disaster topped 60,000 last night, with world health chiefs warning that disease could kill as many people again if fresh water and medicine do not reach stricken areas soon.
Across the Indian Ocean rim, stories of
incredible devastation emerged as one of the largest and most complex relief
efforts ever undertaken swung into action. that at least a third of the victims across the region could be children. Carol Bellamy, executive director of Unicef, said: "We're concerned about providing safe water and preventing the spread of disease. For children, the next few days will be the most critical."
India's death toll of 11,500 included at least
7,000 on the Andamans and Nicobar archipelago. On one island, the surge of water
triggered by Sunday's undersea earthquake killed two-thirds of the population.
In Sri Lanka, the confirmed toll was 21,000 and rising, with another 2,000 in
the Tamil north. that it still had not heard from 19 inhabited islands and said there was a real danger some of its low-lying islands could be lost forever. British disaster assessment experts were on standby last night to fly there. (...) The World Health Organisation said the focus now should be on preventing the spread of disease, especially malaria and cholera. Dr David Nabarro, the WHO head of crisis operations, said: "There is certainly a chance that as many could die from communicable diseases as from the tsunami."
The true
horror emerges,
could
valeurs énonciatives > possibilité / probabilité soumise à condition (if...)
A process that allows minors to get an abortion could disappear if Roe falls
June 14, 2022 NPR
Is it a bird? Is it a spaceship? No, it's a secret US spy plane · Sightings of flying object over Britain worried MoD · Questions threatened to strain relations with US G Saturday June 24, 2006
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/jun/24/
could
may
possibilité, éventualité, risque, chance
The Guardian p. 14 25 September 2004
may marque souvent la première étape d'une réflexion hypothétique : l'éventualité, la théorie, la possibilité, l'aléatoire.
Les énoncés en may laissent (ou prétendent laisser) le co-énonciateur libre de croire ou non à ce qui est dit.
You may think that : Moi qui parle je vous donne le droit de penser ça mais vous pouvez bien penser ça, ça m'est bien égal, vous avez peut-être tort.
énoncés hypothétiques en may
Hundreds of people were killed in the Maldives, Myanmar and Malaysia. The arc of water struck as far away as Somalia and Kenya. Fishing villages, ports and resorts were devastated, power and communications cut and homes destroyed. The tremor, the biggest in 40 years, may have caused the Earth to wobble on its axis, permanently accelerating its rotation and shortening days by a fraction of a second, U.S. scientists said.
Race
to Bury Asia's Dead as Toll Hits 68,000,
Human brain result of 'extraordinarily fast' evolution
Emergence of society may have spurred growth
Headline and sub,
Smoke and fire Addiction to nicotine may be in the genes
MARK TWAIN once observed that giving up
smoking is easy. He knew, because he'd done it hundreds of times himself. Giving
up for ever is a trifle more difficult, apparently, and it is well known that it
is much more difficult for some people than for others. Why is this so? (...) The human genome is huge. It consists of billions of DNA “letters”, some of which can be strung together to make sense (the genes) but many of which have either no function, or an unknown function. To follow what is going on, geneticists rely on markers they have identified within the genome. These are places where the genetic letters may vary between individuals. If a particular variant is routinely associated with a particular physical feature or a behaviour pattern, it suggests that a particular version of a nearby gene is influencing that feature or behaviour. (...) Results such as Dr Vink's must be interpreted with care. Association studies, as such projects are known, have a disturbing habit of disappearing, as it were, in a puff of smoke when someone tries to replicate them. But if Dr Vink really has exposed a genetic link with addiction, then Mark Twain's problem may eventually become a thing of the past.
Headline and first §§,
Thousands warned of possible vCJD infection
Thousands of patients were today sent letters warning them that they may have been exposed to the degenerative brain condition Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease through transfusions of blood plasma products such as clotting agents.
Headline and §1,
The report, Smoking and Reproductive Life, says studies show that smoking may cause impotence through damage to the blood circulatory system caused by exposure to the many toxins in cigarettes, including carbon monoxide. It estimates that 120,000 men aged between 30 and 50 in the UK are impotent because of the effects of smoking. There is a small amount of evidence suggesting that passive smoking might also have an effect. Smoking linked to impotence in young men :BMA report says cigarettes damage nearly all aspects of sexual health, G, 12.2.2004, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/feb/12/ medicineandhealth.sciencenews
British officials are circulating a story that Saddam Hussein may have been hoodwinked into believing that Iraq really did possess weapons of mass destruction. The theory, which is doing the rounds in the upper reaches of Whitehall, is the result of an attempt to find what one official source called a "logical reason" why no chemical and biological weapons had been found in Iraq. (...) The hypothesis, which is being spread privately by officials, is open to the interpretation that the government is searching for an excuse, however implausible, for failure to discover any WMD in Iraq.
New theory for
Iraq's missing WMD:
Officials fear al-Qaida may hijack planes again to target US interests
The US has deployed anti-aircraft missiles around Washington and other possible terrorist targets in fear of another attack using a commercial plane, but there is disagreement among intelligence officials about how direct the threat is to America.
America deploys missiles around airports, sub,
Iran death toll may reach 50,000
The death toll from Friday's devastating earthquake in Iran could reach 50,000, government officials said today.
Headline and §1,
Elderly might not benefit from regular aspirin
[ reprise de may (§1) par might (titre) ]
Fri May 20, 2005 9:59 AM ET Reuters
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - A daily baby aspirin is often recommended by
doctors to help prevent heart attacks or stroke, but for people over 70 years
old the benefits may be offset by bleeding risks, investigators report. "The
balance of harm and benefit could tip either
way," they say.
Full
text,
PARIS (Reuters) - Yasser Arafat remained in a critical condition as uncertainty mounted over who might succeed him and where he might be buried should he die. One aide to the Palestinian president said he was "between life and death" in a coma, though one from which he could still recover. Others, hoping to calm fears of chaos back home, said his life was not in danger.
Arafat Stable Amid Puzzle Over Burial and
Successor,
All 50,000 troops who served in the first Gulf war might have been exposed topréposition low levels of chemical warfare agents during the fighting and its aftermath, a US investigation has suggested.
50,000 troops in Gulf
illness scare,
A possible new cattle disease which might pose a risk to human health is being urgently investigated by government vets.
Vets investigate mystery
brain disease in cattle,
Rich diet 'may harm' low weight babies
Small dietary changes during pregnancy might have a dramatic effect on a baby's life expectancy - at least in mice, according to research linked to Addenbrooke's hospital.
Headline and sub,
The Guardian p. 9 28 August 2004
Mandrake Fred Fredericks Created by Lee Falk 7 May 2005 > Suite : 9 May 2005 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/mandrake/about.htm
Comics ci-dessus > Bande dessinée 1, publiée un samedi :
1. ...as sparks begin to fly from the overheated generators... indicating they might explode at any moment!
might > anaphore (= référence) textuelle ( référence à : ...as sparks begin to fly from the overheated generators...) + anaphore visuelle (fumée) = présupposition
Traduction explicative : ... qu'ils pourraient bien exploser à tout moment !
Bande dessinée 2, publiée un lundi (pas de Mandrake le dimanche) :
"remise à zéro" de l'énonciation avec may, retour à une hypothèse première fictive / théorique + intensification avec un verbe à particule (blow up) et deux points d'exclamation :
2. The abandoned refrigeration plant may blow up at any moment!!
Steve Roper and Mike Nomad Fran Matera 6 October 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/sroper/about.htm
reprise de could par might
suite hypothétique, déduction, inférence, conséquence, degré hypothétique supérieur
If it is done properly, the privatisation of Japan Post could boost competition in the country's financial markets. Trouble is, it might not be
Ready, steady, go, E, 2.9.2004,
The west prides itself on its open democratic society, but if openness and democracy are what we value, then we need to export those values to countries that desperately need them. We will supply arms to anybody. Where is our support for those men and women who are trying to modernise their countries - to bring books and education and emancipation to people who live in fear of being flogged or killed? The truth is that we would rather sell arms and trade oil and cheap goods with the bosses than help the ordinary people who need us. I'm not talking charity. I mean a whole new approach to how we deal with the third world. We could start by not exploiting them. We could give up the myth that the west is the good guy. We could refuse foreign policy deliberately aimed at manipulating other countries for our own ends. We could learn to forgive. That might mean learning to say our prayers... You need not believe in God to believe in prayer. Which of us should not ask for forgiveness? Which of us should not ask for the strength to forgive others?
Forgive but don't forget:
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
modaux > hypothèse, prévision >
syntaxe > séquences hypothétiques > séquences avec auxiliaire modal, séquences avec auxiliaire non modal
might > valeurs énonciatives >
passé temporel, "passé" hypothétique
reprise de may par might / could
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