Vocapedia > Health, Medicine > Viruses

RNA Viruses > Poliovirus

Poliomyelitis / Polio disease

Joel Pett

political cartoon

GoComics

August 26, 2022

https://www.gocomics.com/joelpett/2022/08/26

Every Last Child

ImageNation AbuDhabi    28 October 2014

Every Last Child

Video        ImageNation AbuDhabi        28 October 2014

Director: Tom Roberts

EVERY LAST CHILD is the dramatic story

of five people caught up

in the current polio crisis in Pakistan

It tells of their sorrow,

sacrifice and fearless determination

in the face of mistrust, cynicism and violence.

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMJvHINvz7Y

poliovirus > poliomyelitis / polio        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/society/
polio

2024

https://www.gocomics.com/johndeering/2024/11/18

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/mar/16/
global-eradication-of-polio-tantalisingly-close-with-uk-urged-to-keep-up-funding

2022

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jun/30/
polio-virus-britain-london-sewer-vaccination

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jun/07/
polio-outbreak-in-pakistan-worsens-as-eighth-child-reported-paralysed

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/apr/25/
spectre-of-polio-returns-to-haunt-pakistan-as-baby-boy-is-left-paralysed

2020

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/nov/06/
un-urges-resumption-of-mass-measles-and-polio-vaccinations-covid

https://www.theguardian.com/football/audio/2020/may/27/
forgotten-stories-of-football-
jeff-hall-footballer-whose-death-turned-tide-against-polio-podcast

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/may/24/
my-familys-history-reveals-the-terrible-toll-a-pandemic-takes-on-mental-health

2019

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/aug/21/
major-milestone-africa-on-brink-of-eliminating-polio

stealthy virus        USA

https://www.propublica.org/article/
polio-virus-us-new-york-vaccine - July 26, 2022

podcasts > before 2024

USA > poliovirus > poliomyelitis / polio        USA / UK

Tens of thousands of Americans

— in the first half of the 20th century —

were stricken by poliomyelitis.

Polio, as it's known,

is a disease that attacks

the central nervous system

and often leaves its victims

partially or fully paralyzed.

The hallmarks of the Polio Era

were children on crutches and in iron lungs,

shuttered swimming pools,

theaters warning moviegoers

to not sit too close to one another.

http://www.npr.org/blogs/npr-history-dept/2015/04/10/
398515228/defeating-the-disease-that-paralyzed-america

2024

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/01/
world/middleeast/gaza-polio-vaccine.html

https://www.npr.org/sections/goats-and-soda/2024/07/26/
nx-s1-5049852/gaza-polio-who

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/13/
paul-alexander-lawyer-who-lived-for-decades-with-an-iron-lung-dies-aged-78

https://www.npr.org/2024/03/13/
1238251518/iron-lung-polio-paul-alexander

2023

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/04/10/
1168141163/the-dream-of-wiping-out-polio-might-need-a-rethink

2022

https://www.npr.org/2022/09/10/
1122196513/poliovirus-detected-in-more-wastewater-near-new-york-city

https://www.gocomics.com/joelpett/2022/08/26

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/08/24/
1119128556/new-york-counties-gear-up-
to-fight-a-polio-outbreak-among-the-unvaccinated

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/aug/02/
never-give-up-why-the-worlds-struggle-against-polio-is-not-over

https://www.propublica.org/article/
polio-london-jerusalem-new-york - July 29, 2022

https://www.propublica.org/article/
polio-virus-us-new-york-vaccine - July 26, 2022

https://www.npr.org/2022/07/22/
1113018772/polio-new-york-case

https://www.npr.org/2022/07/21/
1112802233/polio-case-new-york-live-vaccine

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/22/
health/uk-polio-london-poliovirus.html

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/04/26/
1092867458/vaccine-derived-polio-is-on-the-rise-a-new-vaccine-aims-to-stop-the-spread

2021

https://www.npr.org/2021/11/08/
1053603338/jill-biden-covid-vaccine-kids-virginia-school-polio

https://www.npr.org/2021/10/25/
1047691984/decades-after-polio-
martha-is-among-the-last-to-still-rely-on-an-iron-lung-to-br

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/
health/polio-eradication-plan.html

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/05/03/
988756973/cant-help-falling-in-love-with-a-vaccine-
how-polio-campaign-beat-vaccine-hesitan

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/01/
style/vaccine-selfies.html

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/02/24/
968730972/pakistans-polio-playbook-has-lessons-for-its-covid-19-vaccine-rollout

https://www.npr.org/2021/01/25/
960354929/in-tiny-kansas-town-pandemic-skeptics-abound-
amid-false-information-and-politics

2020

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/25/
health/covid-vaccine-polio.html

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/10/30/
929080692/the-campaign-to-wipe-out-polio-was-going-really-well-until-it-wasnt

https://www.npr.org/2020/05/30/
861887610/among-the-1st-to-get-a-polio-vaccine-peter-salk-says-dont-rush-a-covid-19-shot

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/24/
health/pakistan-vaccination-polio.html

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/22/
860789014/the-race-for-a-polio-vaccine-differed-from-the-quest-to-prevent-coronavirus

https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/12/
852376351/there-was-so-little-information-polio-survivors-offer-pandemic-perspective

2019

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/23/
health/polio-strain-eradication.html

2018

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/28/
obituaries/pam-henry-dead.html

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/05/26/
614020750/why-its-so-hard-to-wipe-out-polio-in-pakistan

2017

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/20/
health/polio-eradication-videos.html

2016

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/12/
health/polio-nigeria.html

http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/08/06/
488665391/the-mis-education-and-remarkable-triumph-of-georgina-mamba

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/12/
health/for-polio-vaccines-a-worldwide-switch-to-new-version.html

2015

https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/
health/a-move-closer-to-total-disappearance-of-polio.html

https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/30/
photographing-the-frontlines-of-the-global-battle-against-polio/

https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/08/
health/west-african-child-is-paralyzed-by-vaccine-derived-polio.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/12/
health/a-milestone-in-africa-one-year-without-a-case-of-polio.html

http://www.npr.org/blogs/npr-history-dept/2015/04/10/
398515228/defeating-the-disease-that-paralyzed-america

http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/02/12/
385759694/nigeria-is-on-the-verge-of-bidding-goodbye-to-polio

2014

http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/12/26/
371201551/how-to-make-an-unboring-documentary-about-polio

2013

http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/12/15/
251109427/they-shot-for-zero-but-couldnt-squash-polio-in-2013

2014

http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/aug/22/
polio-double-vaccine-study-who

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/06/
health/world-health-organization-polio-health-emergency.html

http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/05/05/
309868063/the-comeback-of-polio-is-a-public-health-emergency

http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/04/17/
303403242/polio-hits-equatorial-guinea-threatens-central-africa

2013

https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/
health/pakistan-fights-for-ground-in-war-on-polio.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/
hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/
arts/music/james-depreist-pioneering-conductor-dies-at-76.html

2010

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/
books/05book.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/
education/26mccollum.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/03/
health/03polio.html

2004

https://www.economist.com/news/2004/06/23/
another-health-disaster-in-africa

1960

https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/10/
archives/ironlung-mother-gives-birth-to-6pound-14ounce-girl-here.html

1959

https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/12/
archives/celia-surovsky-dead-polio-patient-was-confined-to-iron-lung-26.html

1955

https://www.nytimes.com/1955/10/17/
archives/flood-perils-iron-lung-but-polio-victims-manage-to-keep-power.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1955/03/21/
archives/student-dies-of-polio-marjorie-paine-19-continued-education-in-iron.html

1954

https://www.nytimes.com/1954/11/13/
archives/fred-snite-jr-polio-victim-dies-confined-18-years-in-an-iron-lung.html

1952

https://www.nytimes.com/1952/12/17/
archives/polio-victim-has-child-completely-paralyzed-she-is-returned-to-iron.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1952/08/24/
archives/iron-lung-sped-to-maine-four-new-cases-of-polio-raise-states-total.html

1951

https://www.nytimes.com/1951/10/19/
archives/polio-victim-flies-ocean-iron-lung-is-used-for-woman-stricken-in.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1951/10/02/
archives/baby-born-in-iron-lung-polio-sufferer-22-and-5pound-girl-reported.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1951/07/29/
archives/for-polio-patients-a-rocking-bed-replaces-iron-lung-to-help.html

1950

https://www.nytimes.com/1950/06/22/
archives/stricken-girl-wins-150-13yearold-polio-victim-spent-five-months-in.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1950/04/18/
archives/birdsall-sweet-is-dead-of-polio-in-iron-lung-19-of-his-32-years.html

1949

https://www.nytimes.com/1949/12/26/
archives/hope-lives-in-iron-lung-birdsall-sweet-stricken-with-polio-in-1931.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1949/10/04/
archives/new-respirator-a-bulbar-polio-aid-device-size-of-portable-radio.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1949/07/31/
archives/iron-lung-is-made-from-odds-and-ends-by-muncie-ind-inventor-in.html

https://www.nytimes.com/1949/07/17/
archives/infant-is-polio-victim-stricken-mother-died-after-his-birth-in-iron.html

1946

https://www.nytimes.com/1946/12/18/
archives/iron-lung-to-go-to-mexic0-today-500pound-respirator-is-gift-of.html

1945

https://www.nytimes.com/1945/08/07/
archives/belgian-polio-cases-to-get-3-iron-lungs.html

wild polio        USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/06/28/
534403083/mutant-strains-of-polio-vaccine-
now-cause-more-paralysis-than-wild-polio 

Polio is an infectious disease

caused by any one

of the three types of polio virus.

What causes polio?

Polio is caused by a ‘picornavirus’.

This is one of a group of viruses

that live in the intestine.

These viruses can be found

in the stools of people with polio

for up to six weeks

after the start of the illness.

Polio mainly affects people

who haven't been immunised.

Many parts of the world

don’t have a problem with polio

after immunisation programmes

which have wiped out the disease.

In the UK, immunisation

is automatically offered

to everyone as a baby.

Children then have booster doses

just before they start school,

and then again after they leave.

It is young children

who are the most at risk from polio,

but adults can also have the disease.

http://www.gosh.nhs.uk/medical-conditions/
search-for-medical-conditions/polio/polio-information/

polio / crippling disease

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/17/
474580802/new-polio-vaccine-rolled-out-in-massive-synchronized-worldwide-switch

 life-threatening disease        USA

https://www.npr.org/2022/09/10/
1122196513/poliovirus-detected-in-more-wastewater-near-new-york-city

contract        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/aug/02/
never-give-up-why-the-worlds-struggle-against-polio-is-not-over

cases        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/aug/02/
never-give-up-why-the-worlds-struggle-against-polio-is-not-over

break out        USA

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/aug/02/
never-give-up-why-the-worlds-struggle-against-polio-is-not-over

polio outbreak        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jun/07/
polio-outbreak-in-pakistan-worsens-as-eighth-child-reported-paralysed

USA > iron lung        UK / USA

https://www.npr.org/2024/03/13/
1238251518/iron-lung-polio-paul-alexander

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jun/30/
polio-virus-britain-london-sewer-vaccination

https://www.npr.org/2021/10/25/
1047691984/decades-after-polio-
martha-is-among-the-last-to-still-rely-on-an-iron-lung-to-br

people with polio

viral diseases > polio, hepatitis and mononucleosis        USA

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/
education/26mccollum.html

polio > virus > strain        USA

http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/04/17/
303403242/polio-hits-equatorial-guinea-threatens-central-africa

polio infections        USA

https://www.propublica.org/article/
polio-virus-us-new-york-vaccine - July 26, 2022

paralyze        USA

https://www.propublica.org/article/
polio-virus-us-new-york-vaccine - July 26, 2022

scourge        USA

https://www.propublica.org/article/
polio-virus-us-new-york-vaccine - July 26, 2022

wastewater surveillance for diseases like polio        USA

https://www.propublica.org/article/
polio-virus-us-new-york-vaccine - July 26, 2022

Global Polio Eradication Initiative        USA

https://www.propublica.org/article/
polio-virus-us-new-york-vaccine - July 26, 2022

immunization campaigns        USA

https://www.propublica.org/article/
polio-virus-us-new-york-vaccine - July 26, 2022

vaccination drive        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/01/
world/middleeast/gaza-polio-vaccine.html

be eradicated        ISA

https://www.propublica.org/article/
polio-virus-us-new-york-vaccine - July 26, 2022

virologist        USA

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/
us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html

Hilary Koprowski (born in Warsaw)    USA    1916-2013

Dr. Koprowski was one of the world’s

foremost biomedical researchers,

helping usher in a spate of innovations,

including a safer, less painful

and more effective rabies vaccine

that remains widely used.

But his most noteworthy innovation

— developing the first viable

vaccine against polio

and testing it successfully on humans —

is far less well known.

It has long been eclipsed

in public memory

by the triumphs of Salk,

whose injectable vaccine

was introduced in 1955,

and Sabin, whose oral vaccine

was introduced in stages

in the early 1960s.

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/
hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html

USA > April 12, 1955        USA

the U.S. government licensed

the first vaccine against poliomyelitis,

created by Dr. Jonas Salk,

after scientists announced that day

that it was found to be

80 percent to 90 percent effective.

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/25/
science/mass-vaccine-drives.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/25/
science/mass-vaccine-drives.html

https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/04/13/
issue.html

Jonas Salk's polio vaccine        USA

http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/04/12/
398806324/jonas-salks-polio-vaccine-makes-a-comeback

polio vaccine        USA

http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/06/28/
534403083/mutant-strains-of-polio-vaccine-now-cause-more-paralysis-than-wild-polio

mutant strains of the polio vaccine        USA

http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/06/28/
534403083/mutant-strains-of-polio-vaccine-now-cause-more-paralysis-than-wild-polio

 polio vaccines > injection vs oral vaccine        USA

While the United States

and other Western countries

inject an inactivated virus

that poses no risk of spread

and are now polio-free,

other countries rely on an oral vaccine.

It's cheap, it's easy to administe

 and two or more doses

confer lifelong immunity.

But it's made with living,

weakened virus.

And that poses a problem.

Those who've been immunized

with live virus

can shed it in their stool,

which can then spread through sewage

in places with poor sanitation.

If the virus stays weak,

it can expose the unvaccinated to polio

and give them immunity.

But if it mutates and regains virulence,

someone who isn't vaccinated can become sick

with vaccine-derived polio

after contact with the contaminated wastewater.

And now countries

that had previously eradicated polio

in Africa, the Middle East and parts of Asia

are seeing new outbreaks

of vaccine-derived polio.

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/04/26/
1092867458/vaccine-derived-polio-is-on-the-rise-a-new-vaccine-aims-to-stop-the-spread

the Global Polio Eradication Initiative

began in 1988

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/10/30/
929080692/the-campaign-to-wipe-out-polio-was-going-really-well-until-it-wasnt

eradicate / wipe out        USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/10/30/
929080692/the-campaign-to-wipe-out-polio-was-going-really-well-until-it-wasnt

http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/06/26/
417113319/polio-is-active-in-only-3-countries-soon-it-could-be-down-to-2

polio-free        USA

http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/06/26/
417113319/polio-is-active-in-only-3-countries-soon-it-could-be-down-to-2

mental health, psychology

health,

contraception, abortion,

pregnancy, birth, life,

life expectancy,

getting older / aging,

death

lifestyle / health > exercise,

smoking / tobacco, vaping,

drinking / alcohol,

diet, obesity