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learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé

 

GV > auxiliaires > modaux

 

hypothèse, prévision > degrés hypothétiques

 

should

 

 

 

Dans l'article ci-dessous,

qui traite de la présence de méthane sur Mars,

il y a deux voix énonciatives,

celle du journaliste

et celle de l'astronome Andrew Coates.

 

 

§2 - Première hypothèse du scientifique :

d'après ce que l'on sait aujourd'hui de l'atmosphère de Mars,

moi, astronome, je suis en mesure d'avancer que

la présence de méthane doit être de courte durée,

elle doit durer tout au plus quelques centaines d'années.

 

"Methane should be short-lived in that atmosphere.

It should last for less than a few hundred years,"

 

 

L'énonciateur n'est pas complètement certain

de ce qu'il dit, il ne dit pas is,

il modalise :

should indique ici qu'il reste une marge d'erreur.

 

La validité de l'énoncé reste relative.

 

 

 

 

 

§3 - Constructions hypothétique et linguistique.

 

A partir de cette première hypothèse,

l'astronome en déduit une seconde :

puisque il y a du méthane sur Mars,

et que ce gaz disparaît rapidement

(en temps astronomique) dans l'atmosphère martienne,

c'est qu'il a dû être émis récemment :

 

donc / par conséquent (so),

il doit nécessairement / certainement (must)

il y avoir une source récente,

peut-être même actuelle :

 

So there must be a very recent source,

perhaps even a current source.

 

 

Must,

ici utilisé dans sa valeur épistémique (j'estime que...),

marque aussi le passage logique

de la première à la seconde hypothèse :

si 1, alors 2.

 

 

Le scientifique poursuit sa déduction.

 

 

Si il existe une source d'émission,

il n'y a que deux possibilités connues :

activité volcanique ou forme de vie.

 

 

Le champ du possible est ici délimité par could :

 

The two possible sources could be volcanism

- very recent or current volcanism - or life.

 

 

Traduction :

Les deux sources possibles pourraient être

le volcanisme ou une forme de vie.

 

 

A l'inverse, l'astronome ne modalise pas

lorsqu'il affirme - c'est une donnée scientifique -

que toute forme de vie sur Terre produit du méthane

(3e personne singulier du présent simple :

produce + s) :

 

"All life as we know it on Earth,

even down to the tiniest microbe,

produces methane as a byproduct."

 

 

 

 

 

§5. Autre voix énonciative :

le journaliste utilise can pour présenter ce qui est,

selon lui, une caractéristique inhérente de Mars.

 

 

Quelle que soit la réponse au problème

- volcanisme ou vie -,

moi, journaliste, je peux désormais vous affirmer

que la planète rouge ne peut plus être considérée

comme une planète morte :

 

Either way,

the red planet can no longer be considered a dead planet.

 

 

Le journaliste, ou le sub-editor,

reste prudent dans le titre :

un gaz pourrait fournir un indice...

 

may indique ici un degré hypothétique élevé :

 

Gas may yield clue to life on Mars

 

 

 

 

 

§7. Dernière phase de la déduction :

étant donné qu'il y aurait (conditionnel)

des signes d'une activité volcanique relativement récente

- tentative evidence of relatively recent,

small-scale volcanism -,

il y a de fortes chances pour que le méthane

soit d'origine volcanique.

 

Traduction explicative :

le méthane pourrait bien être d'origine volcanique :

 

"So there is certainly a good chance

that it could be volcanism," Dr Coates said.

 

 

 

 

 

Gas may yield clue to life on Mars

 

1.    Scientists yesterday confirmed

the presence of methane on Mars,

raising two possibilities - volcanos,

or life on the red planet.

 

2.    "Methane should be short-lived in that atmosphere.

It should last for less than a few hundred years,"

Andrew Coates, of the Mullard space science laboratory

at University College London, told the British Association

science festival in Exeter.

 

 

3. "So there must be a very recent source,

perhaps even a current source.

The two possible sources could be volcanism

- very recent or current volcanism - or life.

All life as we know it on Earth,

even down to the tiniest microbe,

produces methane as a byproduct."

 

 

4.    Mars was once an active planet:

Mons Olympus on Mars

is the biggest volcano in the solar system.

But the planet has not been volcanic

on any large scale for at least 3.8bn years.

 

 

5.    So even if the source of the methane

is geological rather than biological,

the discovery is enough to set pulses racing

in planetary science laboratories.

Either way,

the red planet can no longer be considered

a dead planet.

 

 

6.    There is tentative evidence of relatively recent,

small-scale volcanism.

 

 

7.    "So there is certainly a good chance

that it could be volcanism,"

Dr Coates said.

Headline and first §§,
G, 10.9.2004,
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/sep/10/
starsgalaxiesandplanets.spaceexploration 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

should + Nsujet + Base Verbale

 

Should locals have concerns,

we encourage them to come forward,”

she wrote.

 

 

 

 

 

In Afghan South,

U.S. Faces Frustrated Residents

 

October 16, 2010

The New York Times

By CARLOTTA GALL

 

KANDAHAR, Afghanistan — As American troops mount a critical operation this weekend in the campaign to regain control in Kandahar, they face not only the Taliban but also a frustrated and disillusioned population whose land has been devastated by five years of fighting.

While most villagers have fled the area, those who remain complain that they are trapped between insurgents and the foreign forces, often suffering damages for which they remain uncompensated.

One of those who left is Abdul Hamid, once a prosperous grape farmer and the owner of two houses, a raisin barn and 900 vines. He lived in a hamlet called Lora in Panjwai, a fertile farming district southwest of Kandahar where others who recently left say there has been heavy shooting and bombardment.


(...)


He put in a general claim with other villagers for compensation through the district and provincial government offices to the Canadian military, but he said he never received anything.

“I tried so much,” he said. “I tried writing many letters, but I received nothing and I became disappointed, and then I threw out the letters.”

Part of the problem is that in areas where the Taliban presence is strong, villagers cannot take compensation openly. “When the Taliban know you went to the district, or to the city, they come and see you and say, ‘What is this?’ Then they take the money and beat you,” said one farmer, asking not to be named.

Yet fighting through the bureaucracy seems just as hard for the Afghans. Lt. Kelly Rozenberg-Payne, a public affairs officer with the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command in Ottawa, wrote by e-mail that she had no information to support the allegations that Lora was bulldozed.

But she acknowledged the existence of an “austere platoon house” in the area, which Canadian forces upgraded to a substation for the Afghan police in the spring of 2008. It was dismantled in the fall of 2008 “because of changing operational priorities,” she wrote.

Should locals have concerns,

we encourage them to come forward,”

she wrote.


Muhib Habibi contributed reporting from Kandahar,

and Ruhullah Khapalwak from Kabul.

In Afghan South, U.S. Faces Frustrated Residents,
NYT,
16.10.2010,
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/17/
world/asia/17afghan.html

 

 

 

 

 

Accidents will happen and illness can strike,

but many of us seem to assume

that our charmed lives will last for ever.

According to research from the Alliance & Leicester bank,

almost a third of Britons haven't got life assurance.

 

Of course, no one wants to dwell on thoughts

of what might happen should they die,

but the beginning of National Breast Cancer Awareness month

ought to remind us that it's vital we do think the unthinkable

if we don't want our loved ones to struggle financially.

So you think disaster will never strike?:
A third of us have no life cover.
Yet if we die,
our families could lose their homes and be wrecked financially.
Melanie Bien reports,
IoS,
3.10.2004,
http://money.independent.co.uk/
personal_finance/insurance/story.jsp?story=568286

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Voir aussi > Anglonautes >

Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé

 

modaux > hypothèse, prévision >

degrés hypothétiques

 

 

syntaxe > séquences hypothétiques >

séquences avec auxiliaire modal,

séquences avec auxiliaire non modal

 

 

modaux

 

 

might > valeurs énonciatives >

hypothèse + / - probable,

présupposition, conseil

 

 

be :

conjugaison présent,

passé temporel, "passé" hypothétique

 

 

may > valeurs énonciatives >

hypothèse première

 

 

hypothèse relative au passé

 

 

hypothèse > could ≠ might

 

 

reprise de may par might / could

 

 

can / could questions

 

 

would questions

 

 

traduire le verbe "devoir"

en anglais

 

 

auxiliaires be, have, do,

auxiliaires modaux,

question tag

 

 

 

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