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learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
GV > auxiliaires > modaux
hypothèse, prévision > degrés hypothétiques
may
extralinguistique > (référence au réel, à tout ce qui n'est pas le langage) :
éventualité, hypothèse pure, hypothèse première
linguistique > (référence au langage, à l'énonciation)
énonciation > forme première : on pose une hypothèse pour la première fois / c'est la première fois que l'on formule cette hypothèse
Active Shooter Drills May Not Stop A School Shooting — But This Method Could
November 27, 2019 NPR
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/27/
vs.
could
extralinguistique
potentialité du référent du Nsujet, possibilité, forte possibilité, probabilité, forte probabilité
Pro-Palestine march in London set to draw hundreds of thousands of people
Organisers say rally on Armistice Day could be one of the largest political marches in British history
Guardian screenshot 11 November 2023
Sea level changes could drastically affect Calif. beaches by the end of the century
August 22, 2023 NPR
California's beaches are world famous. But new research indicates many could disappear by the century's end due to erosion from sea level rise.
"The shoreline... is probably going to retreat landward about 30 meters or more for every meter of sea level rise you get," said Sean Vitousek, a research oceanographer at the U. S. Geological Survey and lead author of the report.
"When you get into three meters of sea level rise, you're talking almost 300 feet of erosion... not to mention the flooding challenges that are also associated with sea level rise."
Using nearly four decades of satellite images and models of predicted sea level rise and global wave patterns, the researchers estimate 25 to 75 percent of California's beaches "may become completely eroded" by 2100.
So how much sea level rise will the state get in the coming decades? Anywhere from two to 10 feet, depending on two major factors.
One is ocean warming, which causes the water to expand. Another is the melting of land ice.
"The ice in Greenland holds about seven meters of sea level and the ice in Antarctica holds about 70 meters of sea level.
So the big uncertainty is really understanding what the global temperature is going to be like and how much of that ice melts," Vitousek said.
He emphasizes that the study is a prediction, not a forecast.
Nature is more complicated than data or computer models.
https://www.npr.org/2023/08/22/
Experts are concerned Thanksgiving gatherings could accelerate a 'tripledemic'
For each of the last two years, Thanksgiving helped usher in some very unwelcome guests: Devastating waves of COVID-19.
No one thinks this year will be anything like the last two dark pandemic winters, at least when it comes to COVID-19.
But the country is now dealing with a different kind of threat — an unpredictable confluence of old and new respiratory pathogens.
"We're facing an onslaught of three viruses — COVID, RSV and influenza. All simultaneously," says Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt University. "We're calling this a tripledemic."
Flu and RSV are back, big time The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) began surging unseasonably early this year, infecting babies and young children who had little or no immunity to that virus, which wasn't circulating all that much over the past two years, in part, because of COVID-19 precautions.
The RSV resurgence is still flooding pediatric emergency rooms and intensive care units across the country.
Some parents are being forced to wait more than eight hours in emergency rooms for treatment for their very sick kids.
"Intensive care units are at or above capacity in every children's hospital in the United States right now," says Amy Knight, president of the Children's Hospital Association.
"It's very, very scary for parents."
At the same time, an unusually early and severe flu season is surging, dominated by the H3N2 strain, which often strikes kids and older people especially hard.
"Influenza has hit the southeastern United States.
It's moved into the Southwest.
It's going up the East Coast and into the Midwest with some ferocity," Schaffner says.
From coast to coast, hospitalizations for the flu are at the highest level for this time of year in a decade, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
"Flu activity is high right now and continuing to increase," says Lynnette Brammer, an epidemiologist in the CDC's influenza division.
"The good news is, the vaccines this year are well-matched to the viruses that are currently circulating, and there is still time to get vaccinated."
November 22, 2022 NPR
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/11/22/
could
linguistique :
forme seconde / anaphorique, référenciation, comparaison
Active Shooter Drills May Not Stop A School Shooting — But This Method Could
November 27, 2019 NPR
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/27/
autres énoncés
The Guardian p. 1 11 January 2007
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jan/11/
The Guardian p. 3 7 December 2005
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/dec/07/
What Trump's Increasing Isolation Could Mean For His Presidency
August 19, 2017 7:00 AM ET NPR
https://www.npr.org/2017/08/19/
Scientists link plastic food containers with breast cancer
A chemical widely used in food packaging may be a contributing factor to women developing breast cancer, scientists have suggested.
Headline
and §1, G, 30.5.2005,
Decoded at last: the 'classical holy grail' that may rewrite the history of the world
Scientists begin to
unlock the secrets
For more than a century, it has caused
excitement and frustration in equal measure - a collection of Greek and Roman
writings so vast it could redraw the map of classical civilisation. If only it
was legible.
Headline, sub and first §§, IoS, 17.4.2005,
The true horror emerges
· Children may make up a third of dead, says UN · Disease could double toll
The death toll in the Asian tsunami disaster topped 60,000 last night, with world health chiefs warning that disease could kill as many people again if fresh water and medicine do not reach stricken areas soon.
Across the Indian Ocean rim, stories of
incredible devastation emerged as one of the largest and most complex relief
efforts ever undertaken swung into action. that at least a third of the victims across the region could be children. Carol Bellamy, executive director of Unicef, said: "We're concerned about providing safe water and preventing the spread of disease. For children, the next few days will be the most critical."
India's death toll of 11,500 included at least
7,000 on the Andamans and Nicobar archipelago. On one island, the surge of water
triggered by Sunday's undersea earthquake killed two-thirds of the population.
In Sri Lanka, the confirmed toll was 21,000 and rising, with another 2,000 in
the Tamil north. that it still had not heard from 19 inhabited islands and said there was a real danger some of its low-lying islands could be lost forever. British disaster assessment experts were on standby last night to fly there. (...) The World Health Organisation said the focus now should be on preventing the spread of disease, especially malaria and cholera. Dr David Nabarro, the WHO head of crisis operations, said: "There is certainly a chance that as many could die from communicable diseases as from the tsunami."
The true
horror emerges,
could
possibilité / probabilité soumise à condition (if...)
A process that allows minors to get an abortion could disappear if Roe falls
June 14, 2022 NPR
Is it a bird? Is it a spaceship? No, it's a secret US spy plane · Sightings of flying object over Britain worried MoD · Questions threatened to strain relations with US G Saturday June 24, 2006
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/jun/24/
could
possibilité, probabilité, forte probailité, souvent soumise à condition
Recycle me (condition : si vous me recyclez)
and in seven days I could be back in your arms as a new paper.
The Guardian p. 1 13 August 2005
The Guardian p. 21 18 November 2004
The Guardian Film & Music p. 15 28 October 2005
may
valeurs énonciatives
possibilité, éventualité, risque, chance
The Guardian p. 14 25 September 2004
may marque souvent la première étape d'une réflexion hypothétique : l'éventualité, la théorie, la possibilité, l'aléatoire.
Les énoncés en may laissent (ou prétendent laisser) le co-énonciateur libre de croire ou non à ce qui est dit.
You may think that : Moi qui parle je vous donne le droit de penser ça mais vous pouvez bien penser ça, ça m'est bien égal, vous avez peut-être tort.
énoncés hypothétiques en may
Hundreds of people were killed in the Maldives, Myanmar and Malaysia. The arc of water struck as far away as Somalia and Kenya. Fishing villages, ports and resorts were devastated, power and communications cut and homes destroyed. The tremor, the biggest in 40 years, may have caused the Earth to wobble on its axis, permanently accelerating its rotation and shortening days by a fraction of a second, U.S. scientists said.
Race
to Bury Asia's Dead as Toll Hits 68,000,
Human brain result of 'extraordinarily fast' evolution
Emergence of society may have spurred growth
Headline and sub,
Smoke and fire Addiction to nicotine may be in the genes
MARK TWAIN once observed that giving up
smoking is easy. He knew, because he'd done it hundreds of times himself. Giving
up for ever is a trifle more difficult, apparently, and it is well known that it
is much more difficult for some people than for others. Why is this so? (...) The human genome is huge. It consists of billions of DNA “letters”, some of which can be strung together to make sense (the genes) but many of which have either no function, or an unknown function. To follow what is going on, geneticists rely on markers they have identified within the genome. These are places where the genetic letters may vary between individuals. If a particular variant is routinely associated with a particular physical feature or a behaviour pattern, it suggests that a particular version of a nearby gene is influencing that feature or behaviour. (...) Results such as Dr Vink's must be interpreted with care. Association studies, as such projects are known, have a disturbing habit of disappearing, as it were, in a puff of smoke when someone tries to replicate them. But if Dr Vink really has exposed a genetic link with addiction, then Mark Twain's problem may eventually become a thing of the past.
Headline and first §§,
Thousands warned of possible vCJD infection
Thousands of patients were today sent letters warning them that they may have been exposed to the degenerative brain condition Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease through transfusions of blood plasma products such as clotting agents.
Headline and §1,
The report, Smoking and Reproductive Life, says studies show that smoking may cause impotence through damage to the blood circulatory system caused by exposure to the many toxins in cigarettes, including carbon monoxide. It estimates that 120,000 men aged between 30 and 50 in the UK are impotent because of the effects of smoking. There is a small amount of evidence suggesting that passive smoking might also have an effect. Smoking linked to impotence in young men :BMA report says cigarettes damage nearly all aspects of sexual health, G, 12.2.2004, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/feb/12/ medicineandhealth.sciencenews
British officials are circulating a story that Saddam Hussein may have been hoodwinked into believing that Iraq really did possess weapons of mass destruction. The theory, which is doing the rounds in the upper reaches of Whitehall, is the result of an attempt to find what one official source called a "logical reason" why no chemical and biological weapons had been found in Iraq. (...) The hypothesis, which is being spread privately by officials, is open to the interpretation that the government is searching for an excuse, however implausible, for failure to discover any WMD in Iraq.
New theory for
Iraq's missing WMD:
Officials fear al-Qaida may hijack planes again to target US interests
The US has deployed anti-aircraft missiles around Washington and other possible terrorist targets in fear of another attack using a commercial plane, but there is disagreement among intelligence officials about how direct the threat is to America.
America deploys missiles around airports, sub,
Iran death toll may reach 50,000
The death toll from Friday's devastating earthquake in Iran could reach 50,000, government officials said today.
Headline and §1,
might
hypothèse très probable (présupposition / anaphore)
reprise de may par might
might > différence avec may
Comics ci-dessous, première case (référence à l'épisode antérieur) :
Mark suspects thatconjonction Birdie's husband might be shipping drugs inside mounted animal trophies
might est ici présupposant et anaphorique (renvoi à un déjà dit) : ... pourrait bien ...
Cette légende est un résumé des épisodes précédents, et n'apprend rien au lecteur.
A l'inverse, He may be going to pick up drugs (dernière case > ouverture narrative) est une hypothèse première, d'où l'emploi de may.
Mark suspects that Birdie's husband might be shipping drugs inside mounted animal trophies
He may be going to pick up drugs
Mark Trail Jack Elrod Created by Ed Dodd in 1946 5 December 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/mtrail/about.htm - broken link
Elderly might not benefit from regular aspirin
[ reprise de may (§1) par might (titre) ]
Fri May 20, 2005 9:59 AM ET Reuters
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - A daily baby aspirin is often recommended by
doctors to help prevent heart attacks or stroke, but for people over 70 years
old the benefits may be offset by bleeding risks, investigators report. "The
balance of harm and benefit could tip either
way," they say.
Full
text,
PARIS (Reuters) - Yasser Arafat remained in a critical condition as uncertainty mounted over who might succeed him and where he might be buried should he die. One aide to the Palestinian president said he was "between life and death" in a coma, though one from which he could still recover. Others, hoping to calm fears of chaos back home, said his life was not in danger.
Arafat Stable Amid Puzzle Over Burial and
Successor,
All 50,000 troops who served in the first Gulf war might have been exposed topréposition low levels of chemical warfare agents during the fighting and its aftermath, a US investigation has suggested.
50,000 troops in Gulf
illness scare,
A possible new cattle disease which might pose a risk to human health is being urgently investigated by government vets.
Vets investigate mystery
brain disease in cattle,
Rich diet 'may harm' low weight babies
Small dietary changes during pregnancy might have a dramatic effect on a baby's life expectancy - at least in mice, according to research linked to Addenbrooke's hospital.
Headline and sub,
The Guardian p. 9 28 August 2004
might
valeurs énonciatives > présupposition
(pourrait bien / vraiment, être sans doute)
The Guardian p. 3 14 October 2004
Revealed: The real cost of air travel
It might be cheap, but it's going to cost the earth.
[ Traduction explicative : c'est sans doute pas cher, mais ça va coûter cher à notre planète ]
The cut-price airline ticket is fuelling a boom that will make countering global warming impossible.
Headline and §1, I,
28.5.2005,
When fed to rats it affected their kidneys and blood counts.
So what might it do to humans?
We think you should be told
The secret research we reveal today raises the potential health risks of genetically modified foods. Here, environment editor Geoffrey Lean, who has led this paper's campaign on GM technology for the past six years, examines the new evidence. And he asks the questions that must concern us all: why is Monsanto, the company trying to sell GM corn to Britain and Europe, so reluctant to publish the full results of its alarming tests on lab rats? Why are our leaders so keen to buy the unproven technology against the wishes of consumers? And why is the man who first raised these concerns six years ago shunned by the scientific establishment and his former political masters?
Headline and sub,
IoS, 22.5.2005,
Mandrake Fred Fredericks Created by Lee Falk 7 May 2005 > Suite : 9 May 2005 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/mandrake/about.htm
Comics ci-dessus > Bande dessinée 1, publiée un samedi :
1. ...as sparks begin to fly from the overheated generators... indicating they might explode at any moment!
might > anaphore (= référence) textuelle ( référence à : ...as sparks begin to fly from the overheated generators...) + anaphore visuelle (fumée) = présupposition
Traduction explicative : ... qu'ils pourraient bien exploser à tout moment !
Bande dessinée 2, publiée un lundi (pas de Mandrake le dimanche) :
"remise à zéro" de l'énonciation avec may, retour à une hypothèse première fictive / théorique + intensification avec un verbe à particule (blow up) et deux points d'exclamation :
2. The abandoned refrigeration plant may blow up at any moment!!
Steve Roper and Mike Nomad Fran Matera 6 October 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/sroper/about.htm
would could should may might mustépistémique / hypothétique
autres énoncés
Spiderman Stan Lee 18 September 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/spidermn/about.htm
Smoking ban 'would save 5,000 lives a year'
Banning smoking in public places could save more lives more quickly than the creation of a single new anti-cancer drug, campaigners said today.
Headline and §1,
BNFL to continue releasing 'killer' gas
Subhead : Environment Agency accepts that Thorp reprocessing plant could be closed before it finds a way to control release of Krypton 85
BNFL
to continue releasing 'killer' gas,
Earth-like planet could harbour life
European scientists have found a planet circling a distant star that could be home to life. The planet, the first detected so far that is enough like Earth for life to develop, orbits a star called mu Arae in the southern constellation Altar. The planet - astronomers call such things exoplanets - is only 14 times the mass of Earth and, like Earth, could be composed of rock and support an atmosphere. Earth-like planet could harbour life, G, 31.8.2004, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/aug/31/ starsgalaxiesandplanets.spaceexploration
Paedophiles could be barred from net
Headline,
Prison suicide 'could have been avoided'
Headline,
Collision with comet may have hastened first plague epidemic
A collision between Earth and a passing comet in the 6th century AD may have caused the collapse of agriculture, mass famine and indirectly led to the bubonic plague in Europe, a study has suggested. Scientists have calculated that a relatively small comet, or fragment of a comet, could have caused huge amounts of dust and debris to be ejected into the atmosphere, blocking the sun for months at a time. The resulting crop failures and famine would have allowed bubonic plague to spread easily among a physically weakened population.
Headline and first
§§, I, 4.2.2004,
Britain should escape the worst of today's predicted gale force winds, but forecasters have warned that a storm tonight could be more severe than had been expected. Storms had been expected to hit southern England today, with forecasters originally predicting torrential rain and winds of up to 90mph. However, a spokesman for the Press Association said that there was now only a 40% chance that the UK would be affected by storms today. "There's a chance it might spin back up and hit the south-east of the country," he said. The storm is now expected to pass to the south, with the severe winds instead affecting the English Channel and northern France. UK set to miss worst of gales,G, 12.1.2004, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2004/jan/12/ weather.climatechange1
A knife-wielding murderer who targets lone women joggers in public parks could strike again, police in north London warned yesterday.
Women warned after
second park stabbing, G, 8.12.2003,
Al-Qa'ida may be poised to attack, US warns
Concern about aterror attack occurring in Saudi Arabia, possibly imminently, was growing yesterday as the United States issued a warning that it could happen as early as today.
Headline, §1, IoS, 26.10.2003,
Global warming could create 150 million environmental refugees - but the countries responsible are in no hurry to carry their share of the costs
Unnatural disasters,
Finally, consider the economic consequences in the US. A good war would obviously help President Bush, but maybe not as much as he expects. After a victory in Iraq, attention might quickly refocus on problems in the economy and Wall Street. Bush could still suffer the same fate as his father unless he can rapidly trigger a convincing recovery. A bad war would be almost as catastrophic for Bush as for Blair. The stock market and the economy would plunge, almost certainly triggering a double-dip recession. Fiscal policy would be unable to compensate, since Democrats would refuse to legislate tax cuts. The only recourse would be massive monetary easing, as recently suggested by the Federal reserve. The dollar would fall sharply. Meanwhile trade policy would lurch towards protectionism in response to domestic recession and Europe's perceived betrayal of the US. Export industries would be devastated around the world. Unemployment in continental Europe would rise to a level last seen in the 1930's. And who knows what "rough beast" might rise again?
War
could mean the end of the economic world,
-> "rough beast" fait référence au poème de Yeats 'The second coming' : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Coming_(poem)
Had Philippoussis nailed to serve at this juncture to take a 3-0 lead the Australian might have gone on to win the first set. Instead Federer forced him to volley long.
Federer finds steel to
galvanise his skill,
Heading for disaster ... biotechnology could bring death on a previously inconceivable scale
Caption,
Astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) have been supplied with DIY pregnancy tests in case the enforced intimacy of space travel prompts mixed crews to try for the 200-mile-high club. The test sticks have been included in the station's medical pack in one of the first admissions that its astronauts might have sex in orbit.
Sex
in space:
As the crackle of anti-aircraft and machine-gun fire moved closer to the centre of Baghdad, it was clear that the battle was drawing nearer. It was also clear how it might go. The signs had been there since Saturday morning: a motorway on the southern extremities of Baghdad, dotted with the blackened carcasses of Iraqui army vehicles, gruesome souvenirs of the American army's brief jaunt through the suburbs.
'They
had cannon, rockets and faith.
'Decapitating' the regime may not end war quickly Headline, T, p. 10, 25.3.2003.
U.S. May Face Nuclear Blackmail Headline, NYT/Le Monde, p. 3, 16-7.3.2003.
Invasion May Be Al Qaeda's Best Recruiting Tool Headline, NYT/Le Monde, p. 1, 23-4.3.2003.
A meteor barrage may have led topréposition volcanic eruptions and the subsequent extinction of dinosaurs.
If the Meteors Didn't Get Dinosaurs, the Lava Did,
War could mean the end of the economic world Headline, T, p. 27, 18 March 2003.
As a social fund officer he had seen claimants by the thousand. (...) I had arranged a hypothetical interview with him to find out what the social fund would give me if I was down on my luck arriving in an empty council flat with few possessions I might be a woman fleeing a violent husband. I might be a refugee family. I might have had my home repossessed after losing my job and defaulting on my mortage. "How much can you give me to furnish my empty flat?" I begin. "Nothing at all".
The other side of the tracks,
Contexte :
la journaliste se fait passer pour une personne sans-abri, qui pourrait être une femme battue, réfugiée ou expulsée de sa maison.
hypothèse relative au passé would
mustépistémique
may
might
+ actif
modal + haveauxiliaire + Vau participe passé
I can't remember. But I must have done it."
vs
passif
modal + haveauxiliaire + beenauxiliaire au participe passé + Vau participe passé
When the shoebill was created, the mold must have been broken, but the big beak serves the bird very efficiently
When the shoebill was created, the mold must have been broken, but the big beak serves the bird very efficiently
Mark Trail Jack Elrod Created by Ed Dodd in 1946 5 December 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/mtrail/about.htm
Abigail Witchalls, the 26-year-old mother who was left paralysed after being stabbed in the neck, has failed to pick out one of the main suspects in the investigation during a photo identity parade, police said last night. Richard Cazaly, a 23-year-old gardener who lived near the scene of the attack, has been a suspect since he killed himself in Scotland a few days after the assault. In one suicide note he wrote: "I'm terribly sorry. I must be two people. I can't remember. But I must have done it." Mrs Witchalls was shown the photograph in hospital yesterday afternoon. A police spokesman said: "Surrey police officers investigating the attempted murder of Abigail Witchalls on 20 April 2005 have now conducted a formal identity parade in which Abigail was shown a photograph of Richard Cazaly along with eight others. "Abigail did not pick out Richard Cazaly as the man who attacked her.
Witchalls
ID parade fails, first §§,
Day from Hell May Have Killed Off Dinosaurs
Wed Oct 27, 2004 09:32 AM ET Reuters
One minute you're a big T-Rex, the next you're toast. Challenging conventional theory, new scientific research suggests the dinosaurs may have been scorched into extinction by an asteroid collision 65 million years ago that unleashed 10 billion times more power than the Hiroshima nuclear bomb. Earth's temperatures soared, the sky turned red and trees all over the planet burst into flames, said atmospheric physicist Brian Toon of the University of Colorado. Among the few survivors would have been animals living in water or burrowed in the ground like turtles, small mammals and crocodiles. (...) Creatures living near ground zero would have been vaporized immediately while those in the Caribbean area and southern United States would have drowned in 330-feet-high (100-meter) tsunamis when the asteroid impacted near today's Gulf of Mexico shoreline at a speed of 33,750 mph (54,000 kph). Then, a column of red-hot steam and dust soared thousands of miles into space and most of it fell back toward Earth within a few hours, turning the heavens into hell.
GIANT FIRE It would be like standing next to a giant fire; you'd be burned very severely," Toon said, whose research is based on mathematical and computer models.
Headline and
first §§, R, 27.10.2004,
SEOUL (Reuters) - A huge explosion rocked North Korea near the border with China three days ago, producing a mushroom cloud that sparked speculation Pyongyang might have tested an atomic weapon, Yonhap news agency reported on Sunday.
Big Blast,
Mushroom Cloud Reported in N.Korea, R, 12.9.2004,
Had Guy Fawkes succeeded in blowing up the Palace of Westminster 398 years ago today, large parts of Central London would have been flattened, new calculations show. Westminster Hall, the Abbey and surrounding streets would have been destroyed, with damage spreading into Whitehall, according to experts at the Centre for Explosion Studies at the University of Wales in Aberystwyth. There would have been complete destruction of all buildings within 135ft, and partial collapses of walls and roofs of houses out to 354ft. Ceilings would have fallen in and glass been damaged up to 1,600ft away.
What if Guy Fawkes had got
away with it?,
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
modaux > hypothèse, prévision >
syntaxe > séquences hypothétiques > séquences avec auxiliaire modal, séquences avec auxiliaire non modal
might > valeurs énonciatives >
passé temporel, "passé" hypothétique
reprise de may par might / could
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