Vocapedia > USA > Race relations > African-Americans

19th-20th century > Jim Crow era / laws

“Jim Crow,” an etching circa 1835-45.

Photograph: Library of Congress

In ‘Stony the Road,’

Henry Louis Gates Jr.

Captures the History and Images of the Fraught Years

After the Civil War

NYT

April 18, 2019

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/
books/review/stony-the-road-henry-louis-gates.html

21st century Jim Crow

https://www.gocomics.com/doonesbury/2021/12/26

https://www.gocomics.com/robrogers/2021/06/25

21st century > Louisiana >

in the shadow of slavery and Jim Crow

https://www.propublica.org/article/
louisiana-judges-ignored-prisoners-petitions-without-review-
fifth-circuit - November 4, 2023

2021 > ‘Jim Crow 2.0’

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/31/
opinion/georgia-voting-law.html

2021 > Jim Crow education system

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/21/
opinion/sunday/education-racism-segregation.html

Jim Crow of the North

PBS    26 February 2019

Jim Crow of the North

PBS    26 February 2019

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWQfDbbQv9E

USA > Jim Crow        FR / UK / USA

https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/
index.html  

https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/
stories_events_enforce.html

https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/culture-et-idees/050524/
l-epoque-jim-crow-
quand-le-terrorisme-racial-sevissait-aux-etats-unis

https://www.gocomics.com/doonesbury/2021/12/26

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/19/
opinion/raphael-warnock-voting-rights-resonstruction.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/07/
opinion/sunday/dorie-miller-navy-ship.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/
obituaries/jovita-idar-overlooked.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/19/
magazine/blacks-wwii-racism-germany.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/
books/review/stony-the-road-henry-louis-gates.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/19/
lens/jim-crow-mississippi-florence-mars.html

https://www.npr.org/2019/01/11/
684540515/accused-of-florida-rape-70-years-ago-
4-black-men-get-posthumous-pardons

https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/11/17/
668307994/the-green-book-celebrating-the-bible-of-black-travel

https://www.npr.org/2018/11/04/
663522243/jim-crow-s-last-stand-in-louisiana-may-fall-to-ballot-measure

https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/11/02/
417513631/when-boys-cant-be-boys

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/20/
opinion/sears-catalog-jim-crow.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/27/
opinion/jim-crow-north.html

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2018/04/21/
who-is-jack-johnson-the-boxer-trump-is-considering-for-posthumous-pardon/

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/27/
movies/did-you-wonder-who-fired-the-gun-review.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/02/
opinion/sunday/white-supremacy-forgot-women.html

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/25/
522583856/fats-domino-architect-of-rock-and-roll-dead-at-89

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/19/
books/review/he-calls-me-by-lightning-s-jonathan-bass.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/03/
opinion/sunday/the-horror-of-lynchings-lives-on.html

https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2016/oct/29/
civil-rights-photography-north-of-dixie

http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2016/10/18/
blogs/photographing-civil-rights-up-north-and-beyond-dixie/s/
18-lens-civilrights-slide-SHBR.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/
movies/13th-review-ava-duvernay.html

http://www.npr.org/2016/08/09/
489311892/jacqueline-woodsons-brooklyn-is-full-of-dreams-and-danger

http://www.npr.org/2016/03/13/
469411655/witness-to-change-recounts-civil-rights-struggles-of-new-orleans

http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/07/10/
421469553/ta-nehisi-coates-looks-at-the-physical-toll-of-being-black-in-america

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/25/
opinion/tearing-down-the-confederate-flag-is-just-a-start.html

http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/01/03/
374564307/the-goal-to-remember-each-jim-crow-killing-from-the-30s-on

http://www.npr.org/2013/05/03/
176801846/was-john-queen-a-real-life-jim-crow

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/29/
opinion/when-jim-crow-drank-coke.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/07/
books/michelle-alexanders-new-jim-crow-raises-drug-law-debates.html

http://www.npr.org/2012/01/16/
145175694/legal-scholar-jim-crow-still-exists-in-america

http://www.npr.org/2011/11/25/
142704485/-collecting-oral-histories-of-jim-crow

http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/16/
jim-crow-on-west-broadway/

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
story.php?storyId=124687663  - March 15, 2010

https://www.npr.org/2008/07/30/
93059465/congress-apologizes-for-slavery-jim-crow

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
story.php?storyId=12819237  - August 15, 2007

http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-07-09
-slavery-reparations_x.htm

Laws of the Jim Crow era

enforcing racial segregation

also limited the rights of Mexican-Americans

in South Texas

(they are often referred to

by scholars today

as “Juan Crow” laws).

Signs saying

“No Negroes, Mexicans or dogs allowed”

were common in restaurants and stores.

Law enforcement officers

frequently intimidated or abused

Mexican-American residents,

and the schools they were sent to

were underfunded and often inadequate.

Speaking Spanish in public

was discouraged.

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/
obituaries/jovita-idar-overlooked.html

under Jim Crow

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2018/04/21/
who-is-jack-johnson-the-boxer-trump-is-considering-for-posthumous-pardon/

the Jim Crow South

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/02/
opinion/sunday/white-supremacy-forgot-women.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/
us/claude-sitton-times-reporter-who-covered-south-in-civil-rights-era-
dies-at-89.html 

in the Jim Crow South

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/29/
arts/maya-angelou-lyrical-witness-of-the-jim-crow-south-dies-at-86.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/25/
us/willie-louis-who-named-the-killers-of-emmett-till-at-their-trial-dies-at-76.html 

1944 > in the Jim Crow era of the South

http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2014/mar/22/
george-stinney-execution-verdict-innocent

during the Jim Crow years

http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/02/05/
513144736/did-i-get-james-baldwin-wrong

What Was It Like to Travel While Black

During Jim Crow?

NYT    1 February 2019

What Was It Like to Travel While Black During Jim Crow?

Video        Op-Docs        NYT         1 February 2019

The Green Book was a critical guide for African-Americans

struggling to travel safely in the Jim Crow era.

This 360 degree video explores its complicated legacy.

This film offers

a revealing view of the Green Book era

as told through Ben’s Chili Bowl,

a black-owned restaurant in Washington,

and reminds us that the humiliations

heaped upon African-Americans during that time period.

Sandra Butler-Truesdale,

born in the capital in the 1930s,

references an often-forgotten trauma

— and one of the conceptual underpinnings of the Jim Crow era —

when she recalls that Negroes who shopped in major stores

were not allowed to try on clothing before they bought it.

Store owners at the time

offered a variety of racist rationales,

including that Negroes were insufficiently clean.

At bottom, the practice reflected the irrational belief

that anything coming in contact with African-American skin

— including clothing, silverware or bed linens —

was contaminated by blackness,

rendering it unfit for use by whites.

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UUFn7iyymo

during the Jim Crow era

of racial segregation in the US >

The Negro Motorist Green Book,

published 1936-1964

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/
opinion/green-book-black-travel.html

http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/27/
green-book-south-west-usa-route-66-civil-rights

Jim Crow laws

Jim Crow was the name

of the racial caste system

which operated primarily,

but not exclusively

in southern and border states,

between 1877

and the mid-1960s.

Jim Crow

was more than a series

of rigid anti-black laws.

It was a way of life.

Under Jim Crow,

African Americans

were relegated to the status

of second class citizens.

Jim Crow represented

the legitimization of anti-black racism.

Many Christian ministers and theologians

taught that whites were the Chosen people,

blacks were cursed to be servants,

and God supported racial segregation.

Craniologists, eugenicists,

phrenologists, and Social Darwinists,

at every educational level,

buttressed the belief that blacks

were innately intellectually

and culturally inferior to whites.

Pro-segregation politicians

gave eloquent speeches

on the great danger of integration:

the mongrelization of the white race.

Newspaper and magazine writers

routinely referred to blacks

as niggers, coons, and darkies;

and worse, their articles reinforced

anti-black stereotypes.

Even children's games

portrayed blacks as inferior beings

(see "From Hostility to Reverence:

100 Years of African-American Imagery

in Games").

All major societal institutions

reflected and supported

the oppression of blacks.

http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/what.htm

https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/jim-crow.html 

https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/what.htm  

https://www.nps.gov/malu/learn/education/jim_crow_laws.htm

https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/04/10/
398806751/painting-the-epic-drama-of-the-great-migration-
the-work-of-jacob-lawrence

'boy'

https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/11/02/
417513631/when-boys-cant-be-boys

Black Codes (United States)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Black_Codes_(United_States)

1865 > "Black Codes" of Mississippi

https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/experience/legal/docs6.html

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-codes  

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Jim Crow era > Blackface

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