Vocapedia > USA >
Race relations >
African-Americans
19th-20th century >
Jim
Crow era / laws
![](z_etc_jim_crow_c_1835_1845_nyt_18apr2019.jpg)
“Jim Crow,” an etching circa 1835-45.
Photograph:
Library of Congress
In ‘Stony the Road,’
Henry Louis Gates Jr.
Captures the History and Images of the Fraught Years
After the Civil War
NYT
April 18, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/
books/review/stony-the-road-henry-louis-gates.html
21st century Jim Crow
https://www.gocomics.com/doonesbury/2021/12/26
https://www.gocomics.com/robrogers/2021/06/25
21st century > Louisiana >
in the shadow of slavery and Jim Crow
https://www.propublica.org/article/
louisiana-judges-ignored-prisoners-petitions-without-review-
fifth-circuit - November 4, 2023
2021 > ‘Jim Crow 2.0’
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/31/
opinion/georgia-voting-law.html
2021 > Jim Crow education system
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/21/
opinion/sunday/education-racism-segregation.html
Jim Crow of the North
PBS 26 February 2019
Jim Crow of the North
PBS 26 February 2019
YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWQfDbbQv9E
USA > Jim Crow
FR / UK / USA
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/
index.html
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/
stories_events_enforce.html
https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/culture-et-idees/050524/
l-epoque-jim-crow-
quand-le-terrorisme-racial-sevissait-aux-etats-unis
https://www.gocomics.com/doonesbury/2021/12/26
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/19/
opinion/raphael-warnock-voting-rights-resonstruction.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/07/
opinion/sunday/dorie-miller-navy-ship.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/
obituaries/jovita-idar-overlooked.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/19/
magazine/blacks-wwii-racism-germany.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/
books/review/stony-the-road-henry-louis-gates.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/19/
lens/jim-crow-mississippi-florence-mars.html
https://www.npr.org/2019/01/11/
684540515/accused-of-florida-rape-70-years-ago-
4-black-men-get-posthumous-pardons
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/11/17/
668307994/the-green-book-celebrating-the-bible-of-black-travel
https://www.npr.org/2018/11/04/
663522243/jim-crow-s-last-stand-in-louisiana-may-fall-to-ballot-measure
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/11/02/
417513631/when-boys-cant-be-boys
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/20/
opinion/sears-catalog-jim-crow.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/27/
opinion/jim-crow-north.html
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2018/04/21/
who-is-jack-johnson-the-boxer-trump-is-considering-for-posthumous-pardon/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/27/
movies/did-you-wonder-who-fired-the-gun-review.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/02/
opinion/sunday/white-supremacy-forgot-women.html
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/25/
522583856/fats-domino-architect-of-rock-and-roll-dead-at-89
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/19/
books/review/he-calls-me-by-lightning-s-jonathan-bass.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/03/
opinion/sunday/the-horror-of-lynchings-lives-on.html
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2016/oct/29/
civil-rights-photography-north-of-dixie
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2016/10/18/
blogs/photographing-civil-rights-up-north-and-beyond-dixie/s/
18-lens-civilrights-slide-SHBR.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/30/
movies/13th-review-ava-duvernay.html
http://www.npr.org/2016/08/09/
489311892/jacqueline-woodsons-brooklyn-is-full-of-dreams-and-danger
http://www.npr.org/2016/03/13/
469411655/witness-to-change-recounts-civil-rights-struggles-of-new-orleans
http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/07/10/
421469553/ta-nehisi-coates-looks-at-the-physical-toll-of-being-black-in-america
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/25/
opinion/tearing-down-the-confederate-flag-is-just-a-start.html
http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/01/03/
374564307/the-goal-to-remember-each-jim-crow-killing-from-the-30s-on
http://www.npr.org/2013/05/03/
176801846/was-john-queen-a-real-life-jim-crow
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/29/
opinion/when-jim-crow-drank-coke.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/07/
books/michelle-alexanders-new-jim-crow-raises-drug-law-debates.html
http://www.npr.org/2012/01/16/
145175694/legal-scholar-jim-crow-still-exists-in-america
http://www.npr.org/2011/11/25/
142704485/-collecting-oral-histories-of-jim-crow
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/16/
jim-crow-on-west-broadway/
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
story.php?storyId=124687663 - March 15, 2010
https://www.npr.org/2008/07/30/
93059465/congress-apologizes-for-slavery-jim-crow
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
story.php?storyId=12819237 - August 15,
2007
http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-07-09
-slavery-reparations_x.htm
Laws of
the Jim Crow era
enforcing racial segregation
also
limited the rights of Mexican-Americans
in South
Texas
(they
are often referred to
by
scholars today
as “Juan
Crow” laws).
Signs
saying
“No
Negroes, Mexicans or dogs allowed”
were
common in restaurants and stores.
Law
enforcement officers
frequently intimidated or abused
Mexican-American residents,
and the
schools they were sent to
were
underfunded and often inadequate.
Speaking
Spanish in public
was
discouraged.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/
obituaries/jovita-idar-overlooked.html
under Jim Crow
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2018/04/21/
who-is-jack-johnson-the-boxer-trump-is-considering-for-posthumous-pardon/
the Jim Crow South
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/02/
opinion/sunday/white-supremacy-forgot-women.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/
us/claude-sitton-times-reporter-who-covered-south-in-civil-rights-era-
dies-at-89.html
in the Jim Crow South
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/29/
arts/maya-angelou-lyrical-witness-of-the-jim-crow-south-dies-at-86.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/25/
us/willie-louis-who-named-the-killers-of-emmett-till-at-their-trial-dies-at-76.html
1944 > in the Jim Crow era of the South
http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2014/mar/22/
george-stinney-execution-verdict-innocent
during the Jim Crow
years
http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/02/05/
513144736/did-i-get-james-baldwin-wrong
What Was It Like to Travel While Black
During Jim Crow?
NYT 1 February 2019
What Was It Like
to Travel While Black During Jim Crow?
Video Op-Docs
NYT 1 February 2019
The Green Book was
a critical guide for African-Americans
struggling to
travel safely in the Jim Crow era.
This 360 degree
video explores its complicated legacy.
This film offers
a
revealing view of the Green Book era
as told through
Ben’s Chili Bowl,
a black-owned
restaurant in Washington,
and reminds us
that the humiliations
heaped upon
African-Americans during that time period.
Sandra
Butler-Truesdale,
born in the capital in the 1930s,
references an
often-forgotten trauma
— and one of the
conceptual underpinnings of the Jim Crow era —
when she recalls
that Negroes who shopped in major stores
were not allowed
to try on clothing before they bought it.
Store owners at
the time
offered a variety of racist rationales,
including that
Negroes were insufficiently clean.
At bottom, the
practice reflected the irrational belief
that anything
coming in contact with African-American skin
— including
clothing, silverware or bed linens —
was contaminated
by blackness,
rendering it unfit for use by whites.
YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UUFn7iyymo
during the Jim Crow
era
of racial segregation in the US
>
The Negro Motorist
Green Book,
published 1936-1964
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/
opinion/green-book-black-travel.html
http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/27/
green-book-south-west-usa-route-66-civil-rights
Jim Crow laws
Jim Crow was the name
of the racial caste
system
which operated primarily,
but not exclusively
in southern and border states,
between 1877
and the
mid-1960s.
Jim Crow
was more than a series
of rigid
anti-black laws.
It was a way of life.
Under Jim Crow,
African
Americans
were relegated to the status
of second class citizens.
Jim Crow represented
the legitimization of
anti-black racism.
Many Christian ministers and theologians
taught
that whites were the Chosen people,
blacks were cursed to be servants,
and God supported racial segregation.
Craniologists, eugenicists,
phrenologists, and
Social Darwinists,
at every educational level,
buttressed the belief that blacks
were innately intellectually
and culturally inferior to whites.
Pro-segregation politicians
gave eloquent
speeches
on the great danger of integration:
the mongrelization of the white race.
Newspaper and magazine writers
routinely referred to blacks
as niggers, coons, and darkies;
and worse, their articles reinforced
anti-black stereotypes.
Even children's games
portrayed blacks as
inferior beings
(see "From Hostility to Reverence:
100 Years of African-American Imagery
in
Games").
All major societal institutions
reflected and
supported
the oppression of blacks.
http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/what.htm
https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/jim-crow.html
https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/what.htm
https://www.nps.gov/malu/learn/education/jim_crow_laws.htm
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/04/10/
398806751/painting-the-epic-drama-of-the-great-migration-
the-work-of-jacob-lawrence
'boy'
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/11/02/
417513631/when-boys-cant-be-boys
Black
Codes (United States)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Black_Codes_(United_States)
1865 > "Black Codes" of
Mississippi
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/experience/legal/docs6.html
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-codes
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