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Science > Computing > UK > Alan Turing 1912-1954
Andy Burnham: men convicted for being gay should get automatic pardons G Friday 17 July 2015 22.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/law/2015/jul/17/
Alan Turing in 1951.
Though he is regarded today as one the most innovative thinkers of the 20th century, at his death many of his wartime accomplishments were classified.
Photograph: Godrey Argent Studio, via The Royal Society
Overlooked No More: Alan Turing, Condemned Code Breaker and Computer Visionary His ideas led to early versions of modern computing and helped win World War II. Yet he died as a criminal for his homosexuality. NYT June 5, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/05/
Turing, front, in 1939 in Bosham, England, with a friend, Fred Clayton, rear.
Between them are two Jewish fugitives from Germany whom Turing and Clayton helped.
Photograph: REX/Shutterstock
Overlooked No More: Alan Turing, Condemned Code Breaker and Computer Visionary His ideas led to early versions of modern computing and helped win World War II. Yet he died as a criminal for his homosexuality. NYT June 5, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/05/
1951
The Ferranti Mark 1, also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer in its sales literature, and thus sometimes called the Manchester Ferranti, was produced by British electrical engineering firm Ferranti Ltd.
Among the world's first commercially available general-purpose digital computers. it was the tidied up and commercialised version of the Manchester Mark I.
The first machine was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/05/
Royal Pardon for Alan Turing BBC News report 2013
Royal Pardon for Alan Turing Video BBC News report
BBC News report about Royal Pardon for Alan Turing Tuesday 24th December 2013 at 00:08am YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbvCl89JAm0
Related http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-25495315 - 24 December 2013
Turing's Pilot Ace computer - the world's first general purpose computer G 15 April 2013
Alan Turing's Pilot Ace computer - the world's first general purpose computer Video The Guardian 15 April 2013
Built in the 1950s and one of the Science Museum's 20th century icons, The Pilot Ace "automatic computing engine" was the world's first general purpose computer -- and for a while was the fastest computer in the world.
We now take the ability to carry out a range of tasks on our computers for granted, but it all started with the principles developed by mathematician Alan Turing in the 1930s and his design for the Ace.
In this film, Professor Nick Braithwaite of the Open University discusses its significance with Tilly Blyth, curator of Computing and Information at the Science Museum.
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36Ykw1l_KWs
Alan Mathison Turing 1912-1954
Built in the 1950s and one of the Science Museum's 20th century icons, The Pilot Ace "automatic computing engine" was the world's first general purpose computer – and for a while was the fastest computer in the world.
We now take the ability to carry out a range of tasks on our computers for granted, but it all started with the principles developed by mathematician Alan Turing in the 1930s and his design for the Ace.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/video/2013/apr/12/
Known as the father of the modern computer, Turing led the famous Bletchley Park codebreakers who cracked Enigma, an encryption device used by the Nazis.
Despite his ground-breaking work that is now recognised to have shortened the second world war, he was hounded from the secret service over his sexuality.
Turing faced a criminal charge of indecency over his relationship with another man and after conviction in 1952 was ordered to undergo chemical castration.
In 1954 he took his own life by eating an apple laced with cyanide.
In 2013 he received a royal pardon
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/16/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/ https://www.theguardian.com/science/alan-turing https://www.theguardian.com/film/the-imitation-game
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jun/10/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jul/15/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/05/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/20/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/aug/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/nov/28/
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/21/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/20/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/16/
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/15/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03hjzpt - Thu 11 Feb 2016
http://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/nov/17/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/aug/23/
http://www.theguardian.com/law/2015/jul/17/
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-32294655 - 13 April 2015
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/apr/13/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/22/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/02/17/
http://www.npr.org/2015/01/21/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jan/20/
http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2015/01/06/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/nov/20/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/nov/14/
http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29840653 - 10 November 2014
http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29840654 - 10 November 2014
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/02/
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27701207 - 6 June 2014
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/dec/24/
http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-25495315 - 24 December 2013
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/video/2013/apr/12/
http://www.npr.org/2012/06/29/
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18561092 - 26 June 2012
http://www.theguardian.com/science/grrlscientist/2011/dec/19/1
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/11/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jun/10/
Bletchley Park > Female codebreakers
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/05/
https://www.theguardian.com/careers/2018/jul/24/
Joan Elisabeth Lowther Murray 1917-1996
née Clarke
Joan Clarke's ingenious work as a codebreaker during WW2 saved countless lives, and her talents were formidable enough to commandthe respect of some of the greatest minds of the 20th Century, despite the sexism of the time. http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29840654 - 10 November 2014
http://www.bbc.com/news/
Colossus, a computer used at Bletchley Park to decipher messages sent by the Nazis.
Ms. Fawcett was among those who worked there.
Photograph: Science and Society Picture Library/ National Museum of Science and Industry, London, via Getty Images
Jane Fawcett, British Decoder Who Helped Doom the Bismarck, Dies at 95 NYT MAY 28, 2016
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/30/
Jane Fawcet 1921-2016
(born Janet Carolin Hughes)
Jane Fawcett (...) was a reluctant London debutante when she went to work at Bletchley Park, the home of British code-breaking during World War II, and was credited with identifying a message that led to a great Allied naval success, the sinking of the battleship Bismarck
(...)
she played her most significant historical role as an eagle-eyed decoder in British wartime intelligence.
In May 1941, the Bismarck, Germany’s mightiest warship, had become a prime target after it sank one of England’s most powerful vessels, the battle cruiser Hood, in the battle of the Denmark Strait, between Iceland and Greenland.
Much of the British fleet was in search of the Bismarck, which was presumed to have withdrawn to the North Atlantic around Norway.
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/30/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/30/
Germany
Enigma machines > The M4
an estimated 1,500 (Enigma machines) were built as Nazi Germany fought to fend off the Allies.
(...)
The M4, with four rotors, is the scarcest of all Enigma encryption machines and was used on naval submarines.
Its manufacture was ordered by due to concerns that the three-rotor Enigma machine had been compromised following the capture of a U-boat in August 1941.
The model was made rarer still by the sinking of 70% of German U-boats in the later stages of World War II, in part due to the breaking of the Enigma code
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/29/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/23/
Germany
Lorenz teleprinter
More complex than the famous Enigma code, the Lorenz cipher could be broken only thanks to the mathematician who deduced the architecture of a Lorenz machine without ever having seen one.
Solving the problem also led to the creation of Colossus, the world’s first programmable computer, which Tommy Flowers, a Post Office engineer, invented to work out the wheel positions on the Lorenz encryption machine and reduce the time taken to decrypt messages from weeks to hours.
The decoding of the top-secret Lorenz messages is credited with shortening the war and saving countless lives.
“It was the highest possible level of security used by the German high command,”
(...)
It was thanks to the breakthroughs by Tutte and Flowers that allied commanders could be certain Hitler’s high command had bought their bluff that the D-Day invasion force would be landing at Calais, rather than on the beaches of Normandy.
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/29/
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/29/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/29/
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