|
|
|
learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
GV > auxiliaires > modaux
will + Base Verbale (BV)
sens et valeurs énonciatives, traductions
valeurs temporelles > présent / futur
Jeff Koterba cartoon Omaha World Herald NE Cagle 8 December 2005 http://cagle.msnbc.com/politicalcartoons/PCcartoons/koterba.asp
Wayne Stayskal Tampa, FL Tribune Media Services Cagle 7 December 2006
http://cagle.msnbc.com/politicalcartoons/PCcartoons/stayskal.asp
Mark Trail Jack Elrod 9 January 2005 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/mtrail/about.htm
Willdescripteur : Valeur définitoire, descriptive
L'énonciateur (-trice) attribue une caractéristique au référent du sujet :
moi qui parle, j'estime que ce je dis du sujet, ce que j'attribue au sujet, est très probablement vrai, bien connu, va de soi, repose sur des données bien établies.
Cette définition peut être indépendante du temps chronologique (time).
Willdescripteur ne se traduit donc pas toujours par le futur.
Comics ci-dessus, droite, grande case: Traduction de will attack par le présent :
The newly hatched fry, like their parents, are CANNIBALS and will attack and swallow their own brothers and sisters
[ caractéristique inhérente du sujet : avec will - et à l'inverse de shall - l'intervention de l'énonciateur est ici minimale :
moi énonciateur-relai, je me tiens en retrait, je reste objectif, je ne peux que redire ce que les spécialistes de ces poissons ont déjà dit ].
Traduction explicative : ... sont des cannibales qui attaquent leurs propres frères et soeurs pour les dévorer.
La validité de will peut être renforcée par un procédé graphique :
The proof: Vote reform will boost turnout
By Marie Woolf, Chief Political Correspondent 15 June 2005
Countries which elect their governments using proportional voting systems have higher turnouts among voters than those using first-past-the-post, electoral specialists have found. Nations using PR had average turnouts of 70 per cent - 10 per cent higher than those, such as Britain, which use non-proportional systems. The analysis of turnout in 164 countries, by Professor Pippa Norris of Harvard University, was seized on yesterday by MPs who said PR may be an answer to addressing the worrying lack of voter engagement in the UK.
Headline and first §§,
I, 15.6.2005,
Trois occurrences de will dans le comics ci-dessous :
Deux se traduisent par une forme exprimant le futur, l'autre par le présent :
Mark Trail Jack Elrod 24 August 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/mtrail/about.htm
1. I'll see what I can do about a crew!
Je vais voir ce que je peux faire pour l'équipage !
2. Good, I'll leave everything up to you!
Bien, je vous laisse carte blanche !
3. His excellent meals will make the cruise more enjoyable!
Ses bons petits plats rendront la vie à bord plus agréable !
Valeur présente de will > autres énoncés :
1-2 : will s'inscrit dans un récit au présent (concordance des temps).
Dans ces deux énoncés, will a une valeur emphatique (insistance, dramatisation).
1 - About two years ago, unable to put up with pressures from his family to marry, he came out to them about his homosexuality. His family have since all but cut him off. His father will have nothing to do with him and he has been cut out of a susbtantial inheritance. His father will not allow his mother to have any contact with her son and she has to do so secretely. When she does contact him, she urges him to repent and marry, as do his brothers and sisters. He finds these conversations upsetting and frustrating. He has been threatened with violence by one family member and he refuses to reveal his address to them. Private Lives, GE/GE2, Next Week, p. 11, 18.4.2003.
Traductions explicatives :
Son père ne veut absolument plus entendre parler de lui... /
Son père refuse catégoriquement que sa mère ait le moindre contact...
2 - Surely you don't really believe his wife is neurotic?
All married men who have flings hedge their bets with the line about "my wife doesn't understand me, but I can't leave because of her health and/or the children."
I bet he's told you he's not sleeping with his wife.
That, too, will be a lie.
Private Lives,
Traduction explicative :
Je parie qu'il vous raconte qu'il ne couche pas avec sa femme. Mais ça aussi, c'est à coup sûr / encore un mensonge / un mensonge de plus.
3 comprend deux occurrences de will (valeurs assertive / prédictive).
La première se traduit par le présent, la seconde par le futur.
3 - Even non-francophiles will know of Astérix, the little Gaul whose adventures have sold more than 300 million books, and some will have read about Lucky Luke, the cowboy who shoots faster than his shadow. They are the most famous cartoon figures created by France's most prolific and influential comic strip author, René Goscinny. Now, more than 25 years after he died of a heart attack, the full variety of 2,000 published heroes and villains that sprang from his imagination has been collected for what will be France's bestselling Christmas present - the 1,250-page Dictionnaire Goscinny.
Astérix's creator sees off all rivals at
Christmas,
Traduction explicative :
Même les non-francophiles connaissent Astérix / ont entendu parler d'Astérix... ce qui sera le cadeau de Noël le plus vendu en France.
So you think disaster will never strike?
A third of us have no life cover. Yet if we die, our families could lose their homes and be wrecked financially. Melanie Bien reports
Accidents will happen and illness can strike, but many of us seem to assume that our charmed lives will last for ever. According to research from the Alliance & Leicester bank, almost a third of Britons haven't got life assurance.
Headline, sub and §1, IoS,
3.10.2004,
" . . . will you take . . . to be your lawful wedded wife / husband"
(Response 'I will' ) Marriage ceremony.
Traduction explicative : Voulez-vous prendre...
As you will know if you have ever thirsted for a nip of alcohol in Utah, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints has great influence in certain western states.
Latter-Day Saints:
Go east, young Mormon:
The Guardian 9 June 2004
will > traductions
présent ou futur
will > traduction > présent
Ten years after it was published, Elizabeth Wurtzel's Prozac Nation is still selling steadily.
Surely, then, the film version, with a stunning central performance from Christina Ricci, can't fail?
Except Miramax won't even let us see it...
Release me, sub,
Traudction au présent : sauf que Miramax ne veut même pas nous laisser le voir...
will > traduction > futur
Satellites will track 5,000 of the worst criminals in Britain
Satellite technology will be used to track 5,000 career criminals who are responsible for one in every 10 crimes in Britain, the Home Secretary David Blunkett will announce tomorrow. The radical new technology, which has been developed in the US, will enable law enforcement officers to pinpoint the exact location of criminals who have been released early from prison and fitted with electronic tags. It will feature among a series of measures in a five-year plan to tackle burgeoning violent crime and antisocial behaviour. Home Office figures released next week will show police forces recording rises as high as 25 per cent. A Home Office source said: "We are the largest users of tagging outside the US and we will continue to do this. We will introduce satellite tracing for prolific offenders as well as for domestic violence and sex offenders."
Headline and first §§,
will
futur rhétorique (futur "antérieur" dans les grammaires classiques),
présent rhétorique
valeurs :
présupposition, certitude, inévitabilité, non-choix
If you’ve paid any attention to Israeli politics in the past few years, you will have been following the rise, fall and rise again of Benjamin Netanyahu.
Israel’s longest-serving prime minister is still facing trial on corruption charges but is now due to return to office after the most recent election, the fifth in four years.
The far-right radical in Israel’s new government Itamar Ben-Gvir has spent a lifetime on the fringes of Israeli politics. He was once considered so extreme that he wasn’t allowed to serve in the Israeli army. Now he is the country’s security minister. Bethan McKernan reports G Tue 6 Dec 2022
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2022/dec/06/
Traductions explicatives :
si vous vous êtes tant soit peu intéressé à la politique en Israel ces dernières années, dont l'année écoulée,
vous aurez suivi... (futur rhétorique / antérieur)
vous avez certainement suivi... (passé composé)
vous ne pouvez qu'avoir suivi l'ascension... (présent + infinitif passé)
Sous-entendu :
vous avez forcément...
vous n'avez pas pu faire autrement que..
c'est sûr, vous avez...
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
|
|
|
