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learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
énoncés en be + -ing
sens et valeurs énonciatives
formes simples
≠
formes en be + -ing
mise en scène de l'information
inédit ≠ déjà dit
présent simple
≠
présent en be + -ing
present perfect actif en -ing :
have + been + -ing
I'm
telling you,
there's no such thing as mad-broccoli disease!
Traduction explicative :
Mais puisque je te dis et que je répète
que la maladie du brocoli fou, ça n'existe pas !
Larry Wright Detroit News Cagle 13.2.2004 http://info.detnews.com/wrightoon/index.cfm http://cagle.slate.msn.com/politicalcartoons/PCcartoons/wright.asp
Le père répète à son fils - en le fixant du regard - qu'il n'y a pas de maladie du broccoli fou (allusion à la maladie de la vache folle, mad cow disease).
Traduction explicative : Mais-enfin-puisque-je-te-dis-et-que-je-te-répète-pour-la-énième-fois que la maladie du brocoli fou, ça n'existe pas Moi, ton père qui te parle et qui a toujours raison et que tu dois écouter, je te dis et je te répète que...
be + -ing a ici plusieurs valeurs :
- l'anaphore / la reprise dans un continuum énonciatif : le père répéte ce qu'il vient de dire.
- la validation : ce que je dis est vrai / est bien connu / j'ai raison, cette maladie n'existe pas.
- la mise en avant de l'énonciateur comme autorité : moi qui suis ton père, je te dis que....
- l'emphase : renforcée par le point d'exclamation.
- la persuasion > implication forcée du co-énonciateur : tu dois m'écouter, tu dois admettre que j'ai raison, tu dois me répondre.
Le fils refuse ces valeurs via la négation et le présent simple, temps qui donne à sa phrase une valeur scientifique, inédite, définitive.
Sous-entendu : je refuse de poursuivre cette conversation. Le lien énonciatif est rompu (l'enfant ne regarde pas son père, mais son assiette).
Traduction explicative : Ce n'est pas l'avis des spécialistes du traitement éthique des légumes. Point final. On ne peut pas revenir là-dessus. Je ne dirai plus rien. Tais toi.
You're being paranoid. Là t'es / tu deviens vraiment parano.
Larry Wright The Detroit News Cagle 18 March 2004 http://info.detnews.com/wrightoon/index.cfm http://cagle.slate.msn.com/politicalcartoons/PCcartoons/wright.asp
Yes, it's true: Jumbo Americans are eating more Headline, IHT/NYT, p. 5, 7/8.2.2004.
Jumbo Americans are eating more
l'information n'est pas nouvelle, elle revient de manière récurrente dans les médias depuis plusieurs années.
L'anaphore (la référence) est ici textuelle (le thème de l'obésité a été traité dans de nombreux articles), mais aussi contextuelle : le surpoids et l'alimentation sont des sujets connus, à la mode, dans l'air du temps.
Le "Quoi de neuf", c'est que cette information est présentée comme vraie : Yes, it's true (valeur informative du présent simple).
Avec la forme simple du present perfect (haveauxiliaire + Vau participe passé), l'énonciateur communique une information qu'il présente comme inédite, même si cette information n'apporte parfois rien de nouveau.
Cette forme verbale permet en effet à celui qui parle / écrit de remettre "la pendule à zéro", de faire comme si rien n'avait été déjà dit sur tel ou tel sujet (voir ci-dessous la déclaration catégorique de Tony Blair).
Le present perfect simple marque une discontinuité - parfois fictive - dans le discours. Le postulat rhétorique est qu'il n'y a plus de référence à du déjà dit, à du déjà perçu.
L'énonciateur / l'énonciatrice fait comme si rien n'avait été encore dit à ce sujet : moi, énonciateur-journaliste / politique, je vous apprends que ...
Traduction explicative : Vous ne le saviez peut-être pas, mais... / Vous l'aviez peut-être oublié, donc je répète / j'insiste...
Pressed about his pre-war warning that Iraqi weapons could be fired within 45 minutes of an order, Mr Blair appeared to contradict Mr Rumsfeld. "I have said throughout and I repeat I have absolutely no doubt about the existence of weapons of mass destruction."
Blair faces revolt as US admits
doubts:
A l'inverse du present perfect simple, le present perfect en -ing (haveauxiliaire + been + -ing ) donne l'impression de continuité discursive, d'enchaînement, de reprise.
Cette forme renvoie à du déjà énoncé (dit ou pensé - dessin 1) ou à une information supposée connue, avec éventuellement une anaphore (= indice) dans l'extralinguistique / la réalité (dessin 2) :
Dan, there's something I've been meaning to tell you...
Bruce Plante Tulsa World, Tulsa, OK Cagle 21 December 2010
Related Don't ask don't tell repeal - December 2010
How do you know I haven't been taking my anti-depressants?
[ anaphore / référenciation visuelle : chien sous antidépresseurs ]
Mike Lester The Rome News Tribune Cagle 27.9.2004 http://cagle.slate.msn.com/politicalcartoons/PCcartoons/lester.asp
Autres exemples > Enoncés 1 et 2 ci-dessous :
1 - L'hypothèse que Saddam Hussein ait pu mettre au point des armes de destruction massive n'est pas nouvelle.
2 - Le journaliste suppose connu du lecteur le fait que le Royaume Uni est "inondé" de cocaïne depuis des années (ce n'est d'ailleurs pas l'information principale de l'article).
Le present perfect en -ing installe ici le lecteur / l'auditeur dans un continuum discursif, le déjà-dit, un "train-train" / "ronron" / bruit de fond énonciatif.
Sous entendu : comme vous le sav(i)ez déjà / bien, ...
1 - The test tube of botulinum presented by Washington and London as evidence that Saddam Hussein had been developing and concealing weapons of mass destruction, was found in an Iraqi scientist's home refrigerator, where it had been sitting for 10 years, it emerged yesterday.
Revelation casts doubt on Iraq
find,
2 - Police smash massive cocaine cartel
Scotland Yard has smashed a drug gang believed to be the biggest ever to target Britain The Colombian-based cartel, which has been flooding the UK with cocaine for years, was taken out in a series of dawn raids in both countries. A total of 23 raids were launched in London on Wednesday morning and up to another 25 in Colombia. Headline / sunhadline and paragraph, PA / Latest News, 24.03.2003.
Beetle! You drive me crazy! [ présent simple ]
You're always lying down! [ présent en be + -ing ]
Beetle Bailey Greg + Mort Walker 1 July2004 http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/fun/beetlebailey.asp
The other kids are always makin' fun of me 'cause I'm fit!
Jeff Parker Cagle 14 October 2004 http://cagle.slate.msn.com/politicalcartoons/PCcartoons/parker.asp
présent simple
présent en be + -ing
have been + -ing
autres énoncés
We pray for all those who, as we meet here, are working to renew a ravaged country - our own servicemen and women, all those who are labouring to bring together the Iraqi people in new political projects for restoring common life.
Archbishop's
address in full:
QUESTION (NBC): Although the final communiqué, the G8 accept that the peace process could fail in case the Israelis and the Palestinians don't negotiate and don't resume talks again, but the communiqué in my view fell short in condemning the unwillingness of the Israeli leadership to the promises that they made to you personally and to the United States and all the current talks between the Prime Minister and Albright. Why haven't you condemned the unwillingness of the Israeli leadership? And finally may I ask you how do you feel about the Newcastle defeat yesterday?
PRIME MINISTER: Sad is the answer to the second question. On the first, I think it is just worthwhile emphasising to you what we did say, We strongly supported the package of ideas that have been put forward by the United States and we welcomed the acceptance in principle of the Palestinian side to that package of proposals. I think the reason why we tried to be positive in our language is that we are still hopeful that this process can be taken forward, that the remaining gaps between the sides can be bridged, and therefore I think that we felt it incumbent upon us to try and deal with this in as positive and as constructive a way as possible. But you will see set out very clearly in the statement we made in the Middle East peace process the two points that I have made, plus the expression of our deep concern at the continuing stalemate. So I hope very much, as I have been saying for these past few weeks when I have been engaged in some of these discussions myself, that we can find a way forward to get the Middle East peace process moving along satisfactorily because it is of such vital importance for the entirety of the region and the world.
TRANSCRIPT "A" OF
THE PRESS CONFERENCE
PRIME MINISTER First of all, Mr President, thank you very much indeed for inviting me here to be with you. You said I was a true friend of the Palestinian people, and I am very pleased to be that. I also believe, as I have been saying in different parts of this region in the last two days, that it is of vital importance that we move the Middle East Peace Process forward. And as I said to King Abdullah of Jordan earlier today and I said with Prime Minister Sharon, and I say with you here and now, I think there are three things that are vital.
Transcript
of press conference
Mr Livingstone said he was "delighted" by the decision to allow him to stand.
He said: "I have been saying for a year that Tony Blair made it quite clear that they were not going to rig the election."
Livingstone
scrapes through, BBC, 18.11.1999,
Mr Norris said the party research and another private poll commissioned by Lord Archer merely confirmed what he had been saying throughout his campaign.
UK Politics : Tories deny Archer sleaze
connection, BBC, 28.9.1999,
50,000 children taking antidepressants
· Drug withdrawn over fears it made youngsters want to kill themselves
An antidepressant which GPs have been prescribing to thousands of children, in spite of the fact that it is not recommended for their use, can cause youngsters to want to kill themselves, the government's regulatory agency warned yesterday. Efexor, made by the drug company Wyeth, is being taken by at least 3,000 children in the UK, it was revealed yesterday, even though guidance to doctors states that it should not be given to under 18s. It is the second antidepressant to be specifically banned from use in children in four months.
Headline and first/second paragraphs, G, 20.9.2003,
has been told by the Pope's aides not to expect a substantive discussion with the ailing pontiff when he meets him at the Vatican today, according to two sources privy to preparations for the visit. The warning is the first known admission from within the Pope's circle of advisers that his health problems have begun to limit his ability to carry out the essential functions of his office. Until now, aides had insisted that despite his evident frailty the Pope's mind was as sharp as ever, and he remained firmly in command of the Catholic church, taking all the important decisions and monitoring the crucial debates. That is evidently no longer the case. It was not clear whether the latest, confidential advice from the Vatican meant the Pope was physically unable to sustain a prolonged conversation, or had undergone an erosion of his intellectual powers. Rumours have been circulating in Rome for months that the 83-year-old Pope alternates between periods of lucidity and confusion. But last Sunday there was a first public indication that he could be losing his grip on events, when he announced the creation of a new batch of cardinals and got wrong the most crucial piece of information. He told the crowd in St Peter's Square that the ceremony was set for September, not October. But last night Cardinal Karl Lehmann, head of Germany's Catholic Bishops Conference, said: "The Pope is weak and ill but he is still alive spiritually and mentally. He still has his responsibilities fully in hand." This will be Dr Williams's first visit to Rome since he became primate of the Anglican church. He is being accompanied by the Catholic Archbishop of Westminster, Cormac Murphy-O'Connor. It is an indication of the warm relations between the two men at a time when their churches are as far as ever from unity. Pope's aides admit he is unable to work normally, G, 4.10.2003, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/04/ catholicism.religion
'Intelligent' gun developed
A gun which "knows" who is carrying it and where it is pointing could provide vital evidence in police shooting investigations, a firearms expert has said. The "intelligent" weapon system has been attracting interest from British police forces and military services after research by a Royal Navy officer and Durham Police. The firearm "datalogger", brainchild of Jon Sutcliff, uses sensors to detect where it is and who has signed it out of the armoury. Headline and §1, PA, 7.10.2003.
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
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