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learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
pronoms relatifs
whopronom sujet ≠ whompronom objet ≠ whoseadjectif génitif relatif
which
that
where
whereby
sémantisme (= sens)
Déterminer un nom, c'est le faire sortir d'une liste / du dictionnaire pour le faire entrer en syntaxe / contexte / discours / sens.
proposition relative déterminative
the toy that ate Christmas
the toy est déterminé par that ate Christmas
The toy that ate Christmas [ proposition relative déterminative ]
How did a plastic dinosaur with a brain the size of a pocket calculator take over the planet?
Oliver Burkeman and Jonathan Watts trace the evolution of the Roboraptor G2 p. 1 Thursday December 22, 2005
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/dec/22/
that ate Christmas est une proposition relative déterminative / différenciative, qui crée ici une sous-catégorie de jouets, et qui donc différencie ce jouet de tous les autres.
L'énonciateur ne parle pas des jouets en général, mais d'un jouet particulier, unique :
The toy that ate Christmas
Cette proposition relative est donc essentielle et ne peut être supprimée.
Sans elle, l'énoncé serait réduit à the toy, et ne ferait pas sens.
Autre exemple où la suppression de la relative déterminative aboutirait au non-sens :
There are all sorts of courses that would be good for you...
?! There are all sorts of courses...
Peanuts Charles Schulz GoComlcs August 22, 2023 https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/2023/08/22
interprétation sémantique :
la séquence
all sorts of courses that would be good for you
forme un groupe nominal complexe, qui crée la catégorie "des cours qui seraient bien pour toi" :
There are all sorts of courses that would be good for you...
proposition relative déterminative
autres énoncés
proposition relative non déterminative
When Simon Rattle, whompronom relatif objet I do admire greatly, does Rameau he stops everything else and immerses himself in it.
Backstage, William Christie, WSJE / Personal Journal,
, whompronom relatif objet I do admire greatly, est une proposition relative non déterminative, qui ne crée pas de sous-catégorie.
Simon Rattle n'a pas besoin d'être déterminé / catégorisé / différencié car ce nom propre a un référent bien connu : Simon Rattle = chef d'orchestre célèbre
Cette proposition relative non déterminative n'apporte pas d'information essentielle, elle ne fait qu'exprimer l'avis de l'auteur.
Elle pourrait être supprimée sans nuire au sens de l'énoncé :
When Simon Rattle does Rameau he stops everything else and immerses himself in it.
Backstage, William Christie, WSJE / Personal Journal,
à l'inverse,
dans le groupe nominal man whose family was found murdered,
whose family was found murdered est une proposition relative déterminative, qui détermine un nom commun totalement indéterminé - man - en apportant une information essentielle.
Comme toute proposition relative déterminative, elle ne peut être supprimée :
?! man is held at Heathrow serait incompréhensible.
The Guardian p. 4 2.9.2006
autres énoncés
The Guardian p. 1 9.2.2007
Film & Music
The Guardian p. 10 16 July 2007
Daryl Cagle MSNBC.com Cagle 5 July 2010
thatpronom relatif (précédé de Nantécédent)
≠
thatconjonction
A Toy Monkeyantécédent nominal au référent non-humain Thatpronom relatif Escaped Nazi Germany And Reunited A Family
Différence entre pronom relatif et conjonction
Fonction : La conjonction that n'est pas un pronom : elle n'a pas d'antécédent nominal.
A la différence du pronom qui a une fonction - sujet ou objet - , la conjonction n'est ni sujet, ni objet.
La conjonction that, comme son nom l'indique, opère une jonction syntaxique entre un verbe déclaratif (say, think...) et une proposition (Nsubject + V / MODAL + Nobject / adjectif) :
Someone once said to me thatconjonction "depression is just extreme vanity", and though obviously I don't think thatconjonction everyone who's depressed is a wuss, I'm starting to think there's something to it. Some people have genuinely had their brain chemicals go wrong, for whatever reason; they've got a right to be depressed. Also, I think thatconjonction people who were abused, sexually or otherwise, as children must suffer despair and sorrow in their adult lives to a degree the rest of us cannot begin to comprehend; they've got a right to be depressed. But I also think thatconjonction a lot of so-called depression comes from people having no perspective on their problems - vanity, if you will. Don't take my name in vain, G, 29.3.2003, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/mar/29/ antiwar.uk
With rectangular black glasses and a smattering of black polo necks, they came in their hundreds and stood in terrifyingly neat rows. Nearly 1,000 angry architects did not grace the Senate House lawn in Cambridge to admire the building's Palladian style but to condemn the university authorities that want to close its department of architecture.
Architects attack
'philistine' move by Cambride,
THE world reacted with revulsion last night at the killing of hostage Ken Bigley. A shaken Tony Blair appeared on TV to condemn the beheading of the 62-year-old engineer three weeks after he was kidnapped in Iraq. The PM said: "I feel desperately sorry for Kenneth Bigley and his family. I feel utter revulsion at the people that did this." WORLD IN SHOCK AS IRAQI TERRORISTS BEHEAD KEN, Daily Mirror, 9.10.2004, http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/allnews/tm_objectid=14735987%26method=full%26siteid=50143%26headline= world%2din%2dshock%2das%2diraqi%2dterrorists%2dbehead%2dken-name_page.html
A shopkeeper running a small souvenir business in Nazareth has made a sensational discovery that could dramatically rewrite the history of Christianity. Jonathan Cook reports
Elias Shama's small souvenir shop in Nazareth, the town of Jesus's childhood, barely catches the eye. Tourists usually pass by it on their way to the neighbouring Mary's Well church, claimed by the Greek Orthodox church as the site where the Archangel Gabriel revealed to Mary thatconjonction she was carrying the son of God.
Is
this where Jesus bathed?:
The pioneering musician who eased the pain of depression at the piano
Headline, I, 11.6.2004,
Firm that cloned Dolly the sheep faces bankruptcy
Headline, G,
9.3.2004,
From 3-4 to 4-3: the day that Tottenham evened the score
Headline,
IoS, 8.1.2004,
The people Ø I admire musically are people who content themselves with one period.
Backstage, William Christie,
Il y a 2 propositions relatives déterminatives dans cet énoncé.
On remarque tout d'abord l'ellipse ( Ø ) du pronom relatif objet that entre people et I (sur le schéma de l'énoncé bien connu The man Ø I love...).
La proposition (that) I admire est une relative déterminative : elle détermine The people.
L'énonciateur (ici le chef d'orchestre William Christie) ne parle pas de toutes les personnes ou des gens en général (people), mais seulement des musiciens qu'il admire :
The people I admire musically (GN complexe).
Sans cette relative, people resterait indéterminé, indifférencié, hors-catégorie (people = les gens en général, notion illimitée, infinie).
people fait l'objet d'une seconde détermination, introduite par le pronom relatif sujet who :
people who content themselves with one period. (GN complexe).
When Simon Rattle, whom I do admire greatly, does Rameau he stops everything else and immerses himself in it.
Backstage, William Christie, WSJE / Personal Journal,
La proposition relative ci-dessus, introduite par le pronom relatif objet whom, est non déterminative, encadrée par des virgules qui jouent le rôle de mise entre parenthèses.
L'information whom I do admire greatly n'est pas nécessaire pour comprendre qui est le référent de l'antécédent (Simon Rattle = célèbre chef d'orchestre britannique).
Simon Rattle est un nom propre, auto-déterminé, à l'inverse du nom indéterminé people (voir énoncé précédent).
Le GN Simon Rattle se suffit ici à lui-même; il n'a besoin d'aucune détermination / définition.
Traduction explicative : Quand Simon Rattle, qu'entre parenthèses j'admire beaucoup, dirige Rameau...
La relative non déterminative peut être supprimée sans nuire au sens premier de l'énoncé :
When Simon Rattle does Rameau he stops everything else...
Autre non déterminative :
If memory serves, the angry green Marvel Comics who is the subject of Ang Lee's new movie used to be known as the Incredible Hulk.
Tall
and Green, but Not Really Incredible,
La proposition relative who is the subject of Ang Lee's new movie ne détermine pas the angry green Marvel Comics (= Hulk), personnage de bande dessinée bien connu des Américains (Groupe nominal auto-déterminé).
proposition relative déterminative
Mortgage Secrets That Will Save You Money
La proposition subordonnée That Will Save You Money détermine le groupe nominal Mortgage Secrets.
Détermination : ajout d'une information essentielle, on passe du général au particulier.
On ne parle pas ici de la catégorie des mortgage secrets.
La séquence Mortgage Secrets That Will Save You Money crée une sous-catégorie, celle des prêts immobiliers qui vous font gagner / économiser de l'argent.
Autre exemple de proposition relative déterminative :
autres énoncés
The Equal Opportunities Commission has been asked to investigate the research assessment exercise, after it was discovered that men were twice as likely as women to be rated "research active". The Association of University Teachers said it had the first conclusive proof that conjonction the systemwhereby institutions submit research from their top academics for rating, which then determines their funding, flies in the face of equal opportunities policies.
Women suffer in research
ratings,
Akins was ambassador to Saudi Arabia before he was fired after a series of conflicts with then Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, ather of the vision to pipe oil west from Iraq. In 1975, Kissinger signed what forms the basis for the Haifa project: a Memorandum of Understanding whereby the US would guarantee Israel's oil reserves and energy supply in times of crisis. (...) The memorandum has been quietly renewed every five years, with special legislation attached whereby the US stocks a strategic oil reserve for Israel even if it entailed domestic shortages - at a cost of $3 billion (£1.9bn) in 2002 to US taxpayers. Israel seeks pipeline for Iraqi oil: US discusses plan to pump fuel to its regional ally and solve energy headache at a stroke, O, 20.4.2003, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/20/ israelandthepalestinians.oil
A unique headless statuette of Queen Nefertiti's daughter, which has never been seen in public, has been saved for the nation by a lottery grant, it emerged yesterday.
Lottery
cash saves statue of Queen Nefertiti's daughter,
In "Beauty and His Love", the singer Kazem al-Sahir confesses to his girlfriend thatconjonction there is someone he loves more than her, someone whom [ pronom relatif objet ] he sleeps with every night, someone whom [ pronom relatif objet ] he dreams of daily. His distraught girlfriend begs him to reveal the name of this lover. Her name, he finally tells her, is Baghdad.
An Iraqui Star Tours And Sings of His Baghdad,
In New York, the home of hip-hop, rap is a serious business. This is the city that is home to the place (Sugar Hill, Harlem) that produced the group (the Sugar Hill Gang) that produced the record (Rapper's Delight) that made rap so mainstream that, more than 20 years later, the track would provide the inspiration for The Ketchup Song. Cops and rappers, GE/GE2, p. V, 10.1.2003.
A former high-flying Army officer was jailed for seven years yesterday for his part in a bungled post office robbery during which he attacked a pregnant woman.
Soldier who made Lt Col at
38 tried to hold up a post office for £200,000,
Hurley last night refused to accept a £1.8m deal that would see her former boyfriend Steve Bing paying £100,000 a year for the upbringing of their son Damian.
Liz
Hurley rejects £1.8m child support offer,
The Democratic Republic of Congo signed a peace deal with rebels yesterday, ending a four-year civil war which has left two million dead and destabilised central Africa.
Warring Congo factions sign peace deal,
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
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