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History > America, English America, USA
17th-20th century > English America, America, USA Slavery, Lynchings, Abolitionists, Civil War,
Timeline in articles, pictures and podcasts
Warning: graphic violence / distressing content
This page contains extremely graphic scenes of human suffering.
Please exercise caution when viewing.
Negro expulsion from railway car, Philadelphia. Artist unknown. Wood engraving,
in Illustrated London News, September 27, 1856. (detail) Library of Congress http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aap/aapseg.html - broken link
Related
https://www.loc.gov/collections/
1915
D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/
https://www.history.com/news/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Griffith https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Griffith_filmography
https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/02/08/
https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20150206
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
1923
Rosewood massacre
On New Year’s Day 1923 a white woman was beaten and residents of Sumner, Florida, claimed her assailant was black – which sparked race riots where the casualties were mostly black and hate wiped out a prosperous town
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/03/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/03/
A crowd surrounds two African American men hanging from nooses on a pole.
Photograph: Library of Congress/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images
Ida B Wells: the unsung heroine of the civil rights movement The pioneering African American reporter counted, investigated and reported lynchings in America as no one had done before G Fri 27 Apr 2018 07.00 BST Last modified on Fri 27 Apr 2018 07.02 BST https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/27/ida-b-wells-civil-rights-movement-reporter
African American youth tortured and burned to death by mob.
Location: Waco, TX, US
Date taken: 1916
Photograph: Charles H. Phillips
Life Images
"murderer & rapist," lynched on scene of his last crime.
L. Horgan, Jr. (dates unknown). Photograph, c. 1889.
LC-USZ62-31911 Library of Congress http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aap/aapmob.html
Lynching in America
EJI documented more than 4400 lynchings of black people in the United States between 1877 and 1950.
EJI identified 800 more lynchings than had previously been recognized.
Racial terror lynchings were violent and public acts of torture that traumatized black people throughout the country and were largely tolerated by state and federal officials.
Unlike the hangings of white people and outlaws in communities where there were no functioning criminal justice system, racial terror lynchings in the American South were acts of violence at the core of a systematic campaign of terror perpetuated in furtherance of an unjust social order.
These lynchings were terrorism.
The lynching era left thousands dead;
it significantly marginalized black people in the country's political, economic, and social systems;
and it fueled a massive migration of black refugees out of the South, permanently reshaping the demographics of America.
In addition, lynching -- and other forms of racial terrorism -- inflicted deep traumatic and psychological wounds on survivors, witnesses, family members, and the entire African American community. https://eji.org/national-lynching-memorial
https://eji.org/national-lynching-memorial https://lynchinginamerica.eji.org/report-landing
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/27/
Jusqu'aux années 1960, plus de quatre mille personnes ont été lynchées, un Noir par semaine en quelque quatre-vingts ans. Francis Cornu "Le Monde Télévision-Radio-DVD-Vidéo", Le Monde Télévision 7 March 2002 Anglonautes's note : check quote historical accuracy.
TITLE: ["Auction & Negro Sales," Whitehall Street] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-DIG-cwpb-03351 (digital file from original neg. of left half) LC-DIG-cwpb-03350 (digital file from original neg. of right half) LC-B8171-3608 (b&w film copy neg.) SUMMARY: Photograph of the War in the West. These photographs are of Sherman in Atlanta, September-November, 1864. After three and a half months of incessant maneuvering and much hard fighting, Sherman forced Hood to abandon the munitions center of the Confederacy. Sherman remained there, resting his war-worn men and accumulating supplies, for nearly two and a half months.
During the occupation, George N. Barnard, official photographer of the Chief Engineer's Office, made the best documentary record of the war in the West; but much of what he photographed was destroyed in the fire that spread from the
military facilities blown up at Sherman's departure on November 15. TIFF > JPEG > Anglonautes http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/082_slave.html
Booker Taliaferro Washington 1856-1915
http://www.npr.org/blogs/ed/2015/03/05/
Hiram Rhodes Revels 1827-1901
Republican U.S. Senator, minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, and a college administrator.
Born free in North Carolina, he later lived and worked in Ohio, where he voted before the Civil War.
He became the first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress when he was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican to represent Mississippi in 1870 and 1871 during the Reconstruction era.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels
Wendell Phillips 1811-1884
one of the nation’s most prominent antislavery leaders
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/06/
1881
Tennessee passes the first of its "Jim Crow" laws, segregating the state railroad.
Other states follow the lead and legalize segregation
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1874.html
Abolitionists
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1807-1882
Longfellow, a passionately private man, was, just as passionately and privately, an abolitionist.
His best friend was Charles Sumner, for whom he wrote, in 1842, a slim volume called “Poems on Slavery.”
Sumner, a brash and aggressive politician, delivered stirring speeches attacking slave owners;
Longfellow, a gentler soul, wrote verses mourning the plight of slaves, poems “so mild,” he wrote, “that even a slaveholder might read them without losing his appetite for breakfast.” http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/opinion/19Lepore.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/
Abolitionists
Charles Sumner 1811-1874
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/
In 1875, Congress enacted legislation that prohibited racial discrimination in the provision of public accommodations.
Eight years later, in a judgment invalidating that provision, the Supreme Court disapprovingly lectured the Black plaintiffs, declaring that “when a man has emerged from slavery, and by the aid of beneficent legislation has shaken off the inseparable concomitants of that state, there must be some stage in the progress of his elevation when he takes the rank of a mere citizen and ceases to be the special favorite of the laws.”
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/07/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/07/
1871
The Ku Klux Klan Act is passed, giving the federal government the right to mete out punishment where civil rights laws are not upheld and to use military force against anti-civil rights conspiracies
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1871.html
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/grant-kkk/
The Fifteenth Amendment 1870
One of several large commemorative prints marking the enactment of the Fifteenth Amendment, on March 30, 1870.
Photograph: Metcalf & Clark, Baltimore, via the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
‘We Were Always Men’ One hundred and fifty years ago, Frederick Douglass understood the link between voting rights and manhood for African-Americans. NYT April 10, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/
The Fifteenth Amendment extends the right to vote to former male slaves
Section. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.archives.gov/ https://guides.loc.gov/15th-amendment
1869
Tennessee is the first of many Southern states to establish an all white, Democratic "Redeemer" government sympathetic to the cause of the former Confederacy and against racial equality
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
Contrabands, or escaped slaves, on Mr Toller’s Farm, 1862-68
Photograph: Alexander Gardner
Early American photography – in pictures G Friday 2 March 2018
https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2018/mar/02/
19th century "Pig Laws" - designed to re-enslave African Americans for committing minor crimes.
https://www.npr.org/2020/10/18/
Immediately after the Civil War ended, Southern states enacted "black codes" that allowed African Americans certain rights, such as legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to the courts, but denied them the rights to testify against whites, to serve on juries or in state militias, vote, or start a job without the approval of the previous employer.
These codes were all repealed in 1866 when Reconstruction began.
But after the failure of Reconstruction in 1877, and the removal of black men from political offices, Southern states again enacted a series of laws intended to circumscribe the lives of African Americans.
Harsh contract laws penalized anyone attempting to leave a job before an advance had been worked off.
“Pig Laws” unfairly penalized poor African Americans for crimes such as stealing a farm animal.
And vagrancy statutes made it a crime to be unemployed.
Many misdemeanors or trivial offenses were treated as felonies, with harsh sentences and fines.
The Pig Laws stayed on the books for decades, and were expanded with even more discriminatory laws once the Jim Crow era began. https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/black-codes/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.pbs.org/tpt/
1866
The Ku Klux Klan is founded in Tennessee
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1866.html
1866
Two African Americans sit in the Massachusetts Legislature.
It is the first time black representatives have participated in this branch of American government
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1866.html
Memphis massacre May 1866
In May 1866, just a year after the Civil War ended, Memphis erupted in a three-day spasm of racial violence that saw whites rampage through the city's black neighborhoods.
By the time the fires consuming black churches and schools were put out, forty-six freed people had been murdered.
Congress, furious at this and other evidence of white resistance in the conquered South, launched what is now called Radical Reconstruction, policies to ensure the freedom of the region's four million blacks ―and one of the most remarkable experiments in American history. http://www.amazon.com/Massacre-Memphis-Shook-Nation-After/dp/0809067978
46 black people were dead, many others were beaten or raped, and black churches, schools and homes were burned to the ground.
The mob attack wound up helping to shape the course of Reconstruction-era politics and speed the passage of the Constitution's 14th Amendment — guaranteeing citizenship to recently freed slaves.
http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/05/02/
http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/05/02/
1866
President Andrew Johnson vetoed the nation’s inaugural civil rights legislation because, in his view, it discriminated against white people and privileged Black people.
[ Effective April 9, 1866 ] (which Congress enacted over the veto) bestowed citizenship upon all persons — except for certain American Indians — born in the United States and endowed all persons with the same rights as white people in terms of issuing contracts, owning property, suing or being sued or serving as witnesses.
This law was proposed because the Supreme Court had ruled [ Argued February 11–14, 1856 Reargued December 15–18, 1856 Decided March 6, 1857 ] that African Americans, free or enslaved, were ineligible as a matter of race for federal citizenship, and because many states had barred African Americans from enjoying even the most rudimentary civil rights.
Johnson vetoed the act in part because the citizenship provision would immediately make citizens of native-born Black people while European-born immigrants had to wait several years to qualify for citizenship via naturalization (which was then open only to white people).
According to Johnson, this amounted to “a discrimination against large numbers of intelligent, worthy and patriotic foreigners, and in favor of the Negro, to whom, after long years of bondage, the avenues to freedom and intelligence have just now been suddenly opened.”
Johnson similarly opposed the provision in the act affording federal protection to civil rights, charging that it made possible “discriminating protection to colored persons.”
A key defect of the Civil Rights Act, according to Johnson, was that it established “for the security of the colored race safeguards which go infinitely beyond any that the general government has ever provided for the white race.
In fact, the distinction of race and color is by the bill made to operate in favor of the colored and against the white race.”
Johnson opposed as well the 14th Amendment, which decreed that states offer to all persons equal protection of the laws, a provision which he also saw as a wrongful venture in racial favoritism aimed at assisting the undeserving Negro.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/07/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/07/
American Slavery British Library pre-1866 imprints
https://www.bl.uk/pdf/slavery.pdf
June 19, 1865
the Union Army inform people in Texas – more than two years after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued – that enslaved people are now free.
https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/13/
https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/13/
February 12, 1809 - April 15, 1865
Early 1865 was the season when millions were freed from slavery, as Yankee armies crisscrossed the Deep South and unlocked the gates of a thousand plantations. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/15/opinion/sunday/slaverys-enduring-resonance.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/15/
1865
The thirteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery throughout the country
On Jan. 31, 1865, Congress passed the 13th Amendment, banning slavery in America.
It was an achievement that abolitionists had spent decades fighting for — and one for which their movement has been lauded ever since.
But before abolitionism succeeded, it failed.
As a pre-Civil War movement, it was a flop.
Antislaverycongressmen were able to push through their amendment because of the absence of the pro-slavery South, and the complicated politics of the Civil War.
Abolitionism’s surprise victory has misled generations about how change gets made.
(...)
It’s hard to accept just how unpopular abolitionism was before the Civil War.
The abolitionist Liberty Party never won a majority in a single county, anywhere in America, in any presidential race.
(...)
In 1860 the premier antislavery newspaper, The Liberator, had a circulation of under 3,000, in a nation of 31 million.
Even among Northerners who wanted to stop the spread of slavery, the idea of banning it altogether seemed fanatical.
On the eve of the Civil War, America’s greatest sage, Ralph Waldo Emerson, predicted that slavery might end one day, but “we shall not live to see it.”
In a deeply racist society, where most white Americans, South and North, valued sectional unity above equal rights, “abolitionist” was usually a dirty word.
One man who campaigned for Abraham Lincoln in 1860 complained: “I have been denounced as impudent, foppish, immature, and worse than all, an Abolitionist.” http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/30/was-abolitionism-a-failure/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1865.html
https://guides.loc.gov/13th-amendment
https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/30/
A group of freed slaves during the Civil War.
Photograph: Bettmann/Getty Images
Why Juneteenth Matters It was black Americans who delivered on Lincoln’s promise of “a new birth of freedom.” NYT June 18, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/18/
January 1, 1863
Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in areas of rebellion
Lincoln puts forth a reconstruction plan offering amnesty to white Southerners who take loyalty oaths and accept the abolition of slavery.
State government can be formed in those states where at least 10 percent of voters comply with these terms. https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1863.html
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1863.html
https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/21/freedom-and-restraint/
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/
Solomon Northup 1807 or 1808 – c. 1863
12 YEARS A SLAVE Official Trailer (HD) Video
12 YEARS A SLAVE is based on an incredible true story of one man's fight for survival and freedom.
In the pre-Civil War United States, Solomon Northup (Chiwetel Ejiofor), a free black man from upstate New York, is abducted and sold into slavery.
Facing cruelty (personified by a malevolent slave owner, portrayed by Michael Fassbender) as well as unexpected kindnesses, Solomon struggles not only to stay alive, but to retain his dignity.
In the twelfth year of his unforgettable odyssey, Solomon's chance meeting with a Canadian abolitionist (Brad Pitt) forever alters his life.
Starring Chiwetel Ejiofor, Michael Fassbender, Benedict Cumberbatch, Paul Dano, Paul Giamatti, Lupita Nyong'o, Sarah Paulson, Brad Pitt, and Alfre Woodard.
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z02Ie8wKKRg
'Twelve Years a Slave' Solomon Northup (...) had been a free black man in upstate New York.
A husband and father, he was a literate, working man, who also made money as a fiddler.
But in 1841, after being lured to Washington, D.C., with the promise of several days' work fiddling with the circus, he was kidnapped into slavery.
Over the next 12 years before finally winning his freedom, he became the property of a series of different plantation owners — one who was especially cruel and brutal. http://www.npr.org/2013/10/24/240288057/12-years-a-slave-was-a-film-that-no-one-was-making
Solomon Northup was a free black man, kidnapped from his home in New York and sold into slavery on a Louisiana cotton plantation.
Eventually, Solomon was rescued from captivity. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/family/docs9.html
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/experience/
https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/03/04/
http://www.npr.org/2014/02/18/
http://www.npr.org/2014/01/16/
http://www.npr.org/2014/01/14/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/10/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-25589598
http://www.npr.org/2013/12/23/
http://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2013/11/12/
http://www.npr.org/2013/10/24/
http://www.npr.org/2013/10/24/
http://www.npr.org/blogs/codeswitch/2013/10/19/
http://www.npr.org/2013/10/18/
http://www.npr.org/2013/10/17/
Antique photographs show the history of race in black and white
From a white man in 'blackface' to a black Union soldier and an am-dram society dressed as a lynch mob, Mirror of Race's collection reveals a forgotten world of US race relations
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2014/mar/28/
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2014/mar/28/
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/mar/28/
1862
Congress abolishes slavery in Washington, D.C., and the territories
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1861
A Map of American Slavery
One of the most important maps of the Civil War was also one of the most visually striking:
the United States Coast Survey’s map of the slaveholding states, which clearly illustrates the varying concentrations of slaves across the South.
Abraham Lincoln loved the map and consulted it often;
it even appears in a famous 1864 painting of the president and his cabinet. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/12/10/opinion/20101210_Disunion_SlaveryMap.html
Disunion
A Map of American Slavery
One of the most important maps of the Civil War was also one of the most visually striking: the United States Coast Survey’s map of the slaveholding states, which clearly illustrates the varying concentrations of slaves across the South.
Abraham Lincoln loved the map and consulted it often; it even appears in a famous 1864 painting of the president and his cabinet.
Published: December 9, 2010 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/12/10/opinion/20101210_Disunion_SlaveryMap.html http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/opinion/FULLFRAMEmap.pdf
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/12/10/
1859
Harriet E. Wilson (1825-1900) published 'Our Nig'
In 1859, Wilson published a book that she gave a provocative title: Our Nig.
That name is a derivative of a racist nickname given to the book's protagonist, a little girl of mixed race who grows up as an indentured servant to a white family.
The girl is tortured by the family matriarch, beaten and forced to sleep in a frigid crawl space.
Even the kindest members of the family call her "nig."
(...)
Wilson's book called out racism among abolitionists in the North.
It's also emblematic of how important pieces of African American history can be forgotten — and then rediscovered.
In the novel, Wilson did not say much about the story's setting or about herself.
But Our Nig's long subtitle gave clues historians would later pick apart: "Sketches from the Life of a Free Black in a Two-Story White House, North; Showing That Slavery's Shadow Falls Even There."
(...)
Wilson's book never sold well in the 1800s, and it disappeared for more than 100 years.
Then in the 1980s, her story intersected with a historian who was destined to become one of America's most famous storytellers: Henry Louis Gates Jr.
https://www.npr.org/2020/02/15/
https://www.npr.org/2020/02/15/
Abolitionists
John Brown 1800-1859
On October 16, 1859, John Brown led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
His plan to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal was thwarted by local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart3b.html
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/09/
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/28/
1857
Dred Scott v. Sanford
The U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sanford denies citizenship to all slaves, ex-slaves, and descendants of slaves and denies Congress the right to prohibit slavery in the territories http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1857.html
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/18/
The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart3b.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2951.html
The Compromise of 1850 admits California to the Union as a free state, allows the slave states of New Mexico and Utah to be decided by popular sovereignty, and bans slave trade in D.C.
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2951.html
John Caldwell Calhoun 1782-1850
Calhoun was born in 1782 in Abbeville, S.C.
He held a number of prominent offices during his lifetime, including U.S. senator, U.S. secretary of state and seventh vice president of the United States, serving under President John Quincy Adams from 1825-1829 and President Andrew Jackson from 1829-1832.
Calhoun died in 1850, 11 years before the start of the Civil War.
His support of slavery did not waver during his lifetime.
In his press conference, Mayor Tecklenburg quoted a speech Calhoun gave on the Senate floor in 1837, in which he called the institution of slavery a "positive good" instead of an evil.
https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/24/
https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/24/
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/11/
Black Abolitionists
https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/02/26/
1848
Anti-slavery groups organize the Free Soil Party, a group opposed to the westward expansion of slavery from which the Republican Party will later be born
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1842
In the case of Prigg v. Pennsylvania, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the 1793 Fugitive Slave law is constitutional, while state personal liberty laws make unconstitutional demands on slave owners.
Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave law is declared the federal government's responsibility, not the states'
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1837
New York City hosts the first National Anti-Slavery Society Convention
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1831
Nat Turner, an enslaved Baptist preacher believing himself divinely inspired, leads a violent rebellion in Southampton, Virginia.
At least 57 whites are killed
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
http://international.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart1.html
1829
In Boston, Massachusetts, David Walker publishes his widely read vociferous condemnation of slavery, AN APPEAL TO THE COLORED CITIZENS OF THE WORLD
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
http://international.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart1.html
Denmark Vesey 1767-1822
black abolitionis who was executed in 1822 for leading a failed slave rebellion (Charleston, S.C.) http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/26/opinion/abolitionist-or-terrorist.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/26/
1820
Missouri Compromise In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
Furthermore, with the exception of Missouri, this law prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36° 30´ latitude line.
In 1854, the Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Three years later the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision, which ruled that Congress did not have the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories. http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Missouri.html
https://guides.loc.gov/missouri-compromise
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511.html
1817
The American Colonization Society is founded to help free blacks resettle in Africa
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1811
in January of 1811, a group of enslaved people on a plantation on the outskirts of New Orleans rose up, armed themselves and began a long march toward the city.
Hundreds would join them along the way.
Their goal: to free every slave they found and then seize the Crescent City.
The rebellion came to be known as the German Coast Uprising and it's believed to be the largest slave rebellion in United States history.
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/09/µ
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/09/µ
1808
The U.S. bans international slave trading
on January 1st, 1808, the U.S. officially banned the importation of slaves.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h92.html
http://www.npr.org/2015/07/18/
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/
TITLE: [Iron mask, collar, leg shackles and spurs used to restrict slaves] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-31864 (b&w film copy neg.) MEDIUM: 1 print : woodcut. CREATED/PUBLISHED: New York : Samuel Wood, 1807.
NOTES: Illus. in: The penitential tyrant / Thomas Branagan. New-York: Printed by Samuel Wood, no. 362, Pearl-street, 1807. REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3a32403
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a32403
TIFF > JPEG by Anglonautes
1803
The U.S. purchases the Louisiana Territory (the area that later became Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, and Florida) from the French https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1803.html
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early to mid-19 century, and used by enslaved African-Americans to escape into free states and Canada.
The scheme was assisted by abolitionists and others sympathetic to the cause of the escapees
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.npr.org/2020/01/20/
https://www.npr.org/2019/09/24/
Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
Although Article IV, Section 2 of the United States Constitution guaranteed the right to repossess any "person held to service or labor" (a euphemism for slaves), it did not set up a mechanism for executing the law.
On February 12, 1793, the Second Congress passed "An act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the service of their masters," that authorized the arrest or seizure of fugitives and empowered any magistrate of a county, city or town" to rule on the matter.
The act further established a fine of $500 against any person who aided a fugitive.
The act was no doubt a response to the proliferation of anti-slavery societies and to the emergence of the Underground Railroad.
Like the Constitution itself, this act does not include a single mention of the words "slave" or "slavery." http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h62.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h62.html
1793
Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin, making cotton production more profitable.
The market value of slaves increases as a result http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1793.html
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1788
The U.S. Constitution is officially adopted by the new nation when New Hampshire becomes the ninth state to ratify it.
The document includes a fugitive slave clause and the "three-fifths" clause by which each slave is considered three-fifths of a person for the purposes of congressional representation and tax apportionment http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1788.html
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1787
The Northwest Ordinance forbids slavery, except as criminal punishment, in the Northwest Territory (later Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin).
Residents of the territory are required to return fugitive slaves
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
Pennsylvania’s Gradual Abolition Act of 1780
The act began dismantling slavery, eventually releasing people from bondage after their 28th birthdays.
Under the law, any slave who entered Pennsylvania with an owner and lived in the state for longer than six months would be set free automatically. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/16/opinion/george-washington-slave-catcher.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/16/
TITLE: To be sold, on board the ship Bance Island, ... negroes, just arrived from the Windward & Rice Coast
SUMMARY: Photograph of newspaper advertisement from the 1780s(?) for the sale of slaves at Ashley Ferry outside of Charleston, South Carolina.
MEDIUM: 1 photographic print. CREATED/PUBLISHED: [between 1940 and 1960]
REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3a52072
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a52072
1781
Mum Bett and another Massachusetts slave successfully sue their master for freedom
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1776
In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, members of the Continental Congress sign the Declaration of Independence
https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/
1773
The first separate black church in America is founded in South Carolina
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1739
Slaves in Stono, South Carolina, rebel, sacking and burning an armory and killing whites.
The colonial militia puts an end to the rebellion before slaves are able to reach freedom in Florida
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1731
The Spanish reverse a 1730 decision and declare that slaves fleeing to Florida from Carolina will not be sold or returned
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1712
An alleged slave revolt in New York City leads to violent outbreaks.
Nine whites are killed and eighteen slaves are executed https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1712.html
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
https://www.npr.org/2021/05/30/
1705
Virginia Slave Code
The Virginia Slave Code codifies slave status, declaring all non-Christian servants entering the colony to be slaves.
It defines all slaves as real estate, acquits masters who kill slaves during punishment, forbids slaves and free colored peoples from physically assaulting white persons, and denies slaves the right to bear arms or move abroad without written permission.
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1694
Rice cultivation is introduced into Carolina.
Slave importation increases dramatically
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1671
Bacon's Rebellion
In Virginia, black slaves and black and white indentured servants band together to participate in Bacon's Rebellion
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1662
Virginia enacts a law of hereditary slavery meaning that a child born to an enslaved mother inherits her slave status
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1641
Massachusetts is the first colony to legalize slavery
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
1619
At Jamestown, Virginia, approximately 20 captive Africans are sold into slavery in the British North American colonies
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
the first enslaved Africans arrived in English North America in 1619
https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/
In 1619, a ship with 20 captives landed at Virginia, ushering in the era of slavery in what would become the United States
(...)
By the early 17th century the transatlantic slave trade – the biggest forced migration of people in world history – was already well under way in the Caribbean and Latin America.
In 1619 it came to the English colony of Virginia.
The San Juan Bautista, a Spanish ship transporting enslaved Africans, was bound for Mexico when it was attacked by the White Lion and another privateer, the Treasurer, and forced to surrender its African prisoners.
The White Lion continued on to land at Point Comfort.
John Rolfe, a colonist, reported that its cargo was “not anything but 20 and odd Negroes, which the Governor and Cape Merchant bought for victualls”.
They were given names by Portuguese missionaries: Antony, Isabela, William, Angela, Anthony, Frances, Margaret, Anthony, John, Edward, Anthony and others, according to research by the Hampton History Museum.
The captain of the White Lion, John Jope, traded the captives to Virginians in return for food and supplies.
They were taken into servitude in nearby homes and plantations, their skills as farmers and artisans critical in the daily struggle to survive.
Slavery in America was born.
(...)
It would be another century until the formation of the United States.
By 1725, some 42,200 enslaved Africans had been transported to the Chesapeake;
by 1775, the total was 127,200.
Thomas Jefferson, the author of the declaration of independence, which contains the words “all men are created equal”, was a Virginia slave owner and, by 1860, the US was home to about 3.9 million enslaved African Americans.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/13/
https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/7
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/13/
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/
France
premier port négrier de France.
Plus de 500 000 hommes, femmes et enfants achetés en Afrique ont été transportés sur des navires nantais vers les colonies françaises d’Amérique.
https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2021/03/22/
https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2021/03/22/
https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/020320/
Related > Anglonautes > History / Historical documents
20th century > USA > Civil rights
17th, 18th, 19th, 20th century > America, USA Slavery, Racism, Civil war, Abraham Lincoln
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia
Related
The Guardian > Slavery
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/13/
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