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History > America, English America, USA
17th-20th century > English America, America, USA Slavery, Lynchings, Abolitionists, Civil War,
Slavery > Rebellions, Abolitionists, Reconstruction
Ida B Wells 1862-1931
Ida B Wells (1862–1931)
She was born into slavery in Mississippi but freed during the American civil war.
As a pioneering journalist and editor, she worked tirelessly to expose racial injustice.
She spent months travelling alone around the American south to investigate the horrors of lynching, and campaigned against segregation.
In 1910, she co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Eminent Victorians: 19th-century celebrity portraits – in pictures
As a new picture of Billy the Kid goes on sale for $1m, these photographs showcase some of the most significant people of the 19th century to be captured on camera G Thu 21 Nov 2019 16.32 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/nov/21/
African-American investigative journalist, educator, and an early leader in the civil rights movement. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells
She was born into slavery in Mississippi but freed during the American civil war.
As a pioneering journalist and editor, she worked tirelessly to expose racial injustice.
She spent months travelling alone around the American south to investigate the horrors of lynching, and campaigned against segregation.
In 1910, she co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/nov/21/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/nov/21/
Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross) 1822-1913
Under a proposed redesign of the $20 bill, Harriet Tubman would have replaced Andrew Jackson.
Photograph: Universal History Archive/Getty Images
Harriet Tubman $20 Bill Is Delayed Until Trump Leaves Office, Mnuchin Says NYT May 22, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/26/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/21/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/30/
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/01/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/
https://www.npr.org/2019/05/22/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/may/03/
https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/04/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/24/
https://one.npr.org/?sharedMediaId=475161438:475161441 - April 21, 2016
https://www.npr.org/2013/03/06/
Harriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe 1811-1896
From its very first moments, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s debut novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a smashing success.
It sold out its 5,000-copy print run in four days in 1852, with one newspaper declaring that “everybody has read it, is reading, or is about to read it”.
Soon, 17 printing presses were running around the clock to keep up with demand.
By the end of its first year in print, the book had sold more than 300,000 copies in the US alone, and another million in Great Britain.
It went on to become the bestselling novel of the 19th century.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/
https://www.npr.org/2011/07/04/
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https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/mar/30/
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio.
A lawyer and staunch abolitionist, he had defended refugee slaves in court proceedings during the antebellum years. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes - Ovember 7, 2020
With the future of Reconstruction on the ballot, the presidential election of 1876 was hard fought.
Tilden decisively defeated Hayes in the popular vote by about 250,000 votes, but in four states — Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina — both parties claimed to have won electoral votes.
At that point, Tilden needed only one more electoral vote to win, so any of the four would suffice.
However, Republicans still controlled the election canvassing boards and governorships in the three southern states, which led to the manipulation of vote counts and the subsequent awarding of electoral votes to Hayes.
Democrats refused to give up and sent competing slates of electors for Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina to Congress.
In addition, the Democrats challenged the eligibility of one of Oregon’s electors, a fail-safe that would lead to a Tilden win even if Hayes claimed victory in the three Southern states.
In January 1877, Congress convened a special Electoral Commission to resolve the disputes, and the Commission broke 8 to 7 in favor of Hayes in all four of the contested states.
Democrats, undeterred, tried to delay the counting of the electoral votes before the joint session of Congress on Feb. 28, which would deny Hayes a majority and send the election to the House of Representatives.
The inauguration was only four days away, and there was a real danger of both parties trying to have their candidate take the oath of office.
Enter Samuel Randall.
As the newly appointed speaker of the House, Randall refused to allow members of his party to delay the vote count, which they had sought to do by producing yet another competing slate of electors of dubious origins from the state of Vermont.
When Randall rejected these efforts, one of his fellow Democrats tried to physically attack him, and others began reaching for their guns.
Randall had to call the sergeant-at-arms to restore order.
Remarkably, Randall halted the delaying tactics that would have increased the likelihood of dueling inaugurations and subsequent violence.
His actions brought the count to a nonviolent end on March 2, just two days before the inauguration.
Upon becoming speaker, Randall had pledged “absolute fairness to both sides … in exercising the parliamentary powers of the chair.”
With his decisive action in resolving the disputed election of 1876, he kept that promise, even when doing so required decisions not in his party’s interest.
In the end, Democrats acquiesced to the election of the Republican Hayes over their own candidate, Tilden, on the condition that Hayes agree to remove federal troops from the Southern states.
Hayes’s elevation to the presidency effectively ended Reconstruction and changed the trajectory of American history, but in the months between the election and the inauguration, a nonviolent resolution was far from certain. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/03/us/samuel-randall-1876-election.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes - November 7, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/03/
Moses Roper c. 1815-1891
fugitive from slavery cast aside by British abolitionists Historians argue Roper’s story could have helped end US slavery earlier but supporters turned on him
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/16/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/16/
Appleton Oaksmith 1828-1887
Appleton Oaksmith (March 22, 1828 – October 26, 1887), of Carteret County, North Carolina, was the son of Seba Smith and Elizabeth Oakes Smith.
He legally adopted a portmanteau surname, combining the phonetic equivalent of his mother's middle name (Oakes) and his father's last name (Smith).
Before the Civil War, Oaksmith ventured into the shipping business, eventually purchasing several ships of his own.
He had also, however, involved himself in the filibustering campaigns of General Walker in Nicaragua, actually accepting the office of secretary in Walker's new "government"
As secretary he arranged for the supply of Walker's small military force and convinced James Neal, son of writer John Neal, to travel to Nicaragua in 1856 to join the effort.
When Walker's bid for U.S. recognition failed and his militia was ousted from the country,
Oaksmith, according to mounting evidence, began to employ his ships in support of the Confederate states, at least in gun-running if not in the transport of slaves.
In December 1861, Oaksmith was captured on Fire Island, New York and, with Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus in effect, imprisoned at Fort Lafayette in New York Harbor for "the fitting out of [the Augusta] as a slaver".
Subsequently, he was "indicted in the federal court in Boston for fitting out a whaling vessel called the Margaret Scott for the slave trade", and he was moved to Fort Warren in Boston Harbor and later to the Charles Street Jail in Boston.
He was convicted in June 1862 of slave trading.
He escaped from the Charles Street Jail on September 11, 1862, and a reward of $300 was offered for his arrest and return.
On October 20, 1862, he arrived in Havana, Cuba, and in February 1866 he fled to England.
His reputation as a would-be slave trader brought "contempt" upon his family, but they vehemently maintained his innocence.
His mother, Elizabeth, would spend years seeking audiences with government officials to establish her son's innocence, and in 1867 she finally met with the President Andrew Johnson to seek a pardon, but was unsuccessful.
Oaksmith spent more than five years in exile in London, returning to the United States in 1871.
On October 7, 1872, President Ulysses Grant, having "received a large number of petitions from prominent persons who believed Oaksmith was innocent," issued Oaksmith a pardon.
In 1872, Oaksmith "bought a home in North Carolina where he was to live for the rest of his life".
In 1874, he won election as an independent candidate to the state house of representatives, where "he was ardently anti-Klan and in favor of protecting the rights of ex-slaves".
In 1879, four of Oaksmith's daughter's died in a boating accident, and, in 1887, he died at age 59 from an illness. Wikipedia - August 2, 2023
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/01/
Wendell Phillips 1811-1884
one of the nation’s most prominent antislavery leaders
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/06/
Josiah Henson 1789-1883
An astounding story … Josiah Henson, photographed in Boston, 1876
Josiah Henson: the forgotten story in the history of slavery His life partly inspired Uncle Tom’s Cabin. He was entertained at both Windsor Castle and the White House. He rescued more than 100 enslaved people. But barely anyone has heard of him G Fri 19 Jun 2020 15.27 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/19/
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Sojourner Truth c 1797-1883
Born Isabella Baumfree in New York state, the African American lived in slavery until she escaped with her daughter in 1826.
She then took on a white man in the courts to be reunited with her son, who has been illegally sold into slavery, and won – the first victory of its kind.
Truth dedicated her life to the abolition movement and women’s rights, helping to liberate many slaves, and is renowned for her “Ain’t I a woman?” speech of 1851.
Eminent Victorians: 19th-century celebrity portraits – in pictures
As a new picture of Billy the Kid goes on sale for $1m, these photographs showcase some of the most significant people of the 19th century to be captured on camera G Thu 21 Nov 2019 16.32 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/nov/21/
Sojourner Truth c 1797-1883
Born Isabella Baumfree in New York state, the African American lived in slavery until she escaped with her daughter in 1826.
She then took on a white man in the courts to be reunited with her son, who has been illegally sold into slavery, and won – the first victory of its kind.
Truth dedicated her life to the abolition movement and women’s rights, helping to liberate many slaves, and is renowned for her “Ain’t I a woman?” speech of 1851.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/nov/21/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/nov/21/
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1807-1882
Longfellow, a passionately private man, was, just as passionately and privately, an abolitionist.
His best friend was Charles Sumner, for whom he wrote, in 1842, a slim volume called “Poems on Slavery.”
Sumner, a brash and aggressive politician, delivered stirring speeches attacking slave owners;
Longfellow, a gentler soul, wrote verses mourning the plight of slaves, poems “so mild,” he wrote, “that even a slaveholder might read them without losing his appetite for breakfast.” http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/opinion/19Lepore.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/
Martha Coffin Wright 1806-1875
American feminist and abolitionist
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/30/
Charles Sumner 1811-1874
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/
Enforcement Act - passed between 1868 and 1870
The charge of "conspiracy against rights" (...) was passed after the Civil War as a way to stop members of the Ku Klux Klan and other similar organizations from intimidating, harassing and outright terrorizing Black voters especially in the South.
This law was part of the Enforcement Act, passed between 1868 and 1870, and "served as the basis for federal activism in prosecuting corruption of the franchise until most of them were repealed in the 1890s," according to the Justice Department.
https://www.npr.org/2023/08/01/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.npr.org/2023/08/01/
Abraham H. Galloway 1837-1870
He has been compared to James Bond and Malcolm X, though his name has largely been left out of the history books.
Abraham Galloway was an African American who escaped enslavement in North Carolina, became a Union spy during the Civil War and recruited Black soldiers to fight with the North.
That's the short version.
The fuller picture would include his work as a revolutionary and being one of the first African Americans elected to the North Carolina Senate.
https://www.npr.org/2022/02/08/
https://www.npr.org/2022/02/08/
Thaddeus Stevens 1792-1868
Photograph: Library of Congress, Corbis and VCG, via Getty Images
Thaddeus Stevens and the Original Dreamers NYT July 7, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/07/
A half-length seated portrait of Thaddeus Stevens, 1863, held in the National Archives.
Photograph: Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images
Thaddeus Stevens review: the Radical Republican America should remember G Sun 28 Feb 2021 06.00 GMT Last modified on Sun 28 Feb 2021 06.03 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/28/
Owning an iron works and serving in the Pennsylvania legislature where he promoted common schools for all, Stevens later went to Congress to represent Lancaster, then as now a swing district in a swing state.
Known for his “iron will and great courage” and “quick wit and sharp tongue”, he possessed a flinty, independent mind.
“He did not play the courtier,” as one congressman observed, and “he did not flatter the people; he was never a beggar for their votes.”
He promoted economic development while opposing the “aristocracy of wealth and pride”.
Like Abraham Lincoln, he spoke at Cooper Union in 1860, where he discussed “the long and persistent war between Liberty and Slavery, between Oppression and Freedom”, the theme that dominated his public life.
By 1861, as the civil war began, Stevens was responsible for its financing as chairman of the committee
on ways and means. and ardent supporter of abolition of slavery.
But the Union moved slowly in that direction and, as Spielberg makes clear, some supported it only as a matter of military necessity.
But events moved swiftly.
Military defeats in 1862 hastened the end of slavery through the Second Confiscation Act; slaves who crossed to Union lines were “forever free of their servitude”.
The Militia Act authorized Lincoln to raise Black troops with the promise of freedom.
On 31 January 1865, the House voted for abolition.
Military necessity had joined with moral imperative.
Levine notes that “the chamber’s floor and galleries erupted in cheers, tears and ecstatic shouts of celebration” but oddly omits the real drama of the moment, the absolute stillness immediately after the result was announced, in solemn recognition of what had been done, before the cheers and 100-gun salute.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/28/
The citizenship portion of the 14th Amendment was tied together with the idea of suffrage for all men.
If Black men were made citizens, for the most part, they could also be made voters.
(This didn’t work as smoothly as some had thought. It would require the adoption of the 15th Amendment two years later, in 1870, to guarantee that right, as it read:
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”)
One of the heroes of the 14th Amendment as well as the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery was Representative Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania.
He badgered Lincoln on abolishing slavery and he helped to write the 13th Amendment.
Indeed, he gave the closing remarks on the debate of the amendment.
As the National Endowment for the Humanities has noted, when the House passed the bill that authorized the 13th Amendment, Stevens said,
“I will be satisfied if my epitaph shall be written thus, ‘Here lies one who never rose to any eminence, and who only courted the low ambition to have it said that he had striven to ameliorate the condition of the poor, the lowly, the downtrodden of every race and language and color.’ ”
Stevens would also help write the 14th Amendment, and in the lead-up to it he was quite prescient on “universal enfranchisement,” offering words then that we would do well to heed today.
In January of 1868, Stevens wrote in The New York Times:
So far as I took any position with regard to Negro suffrage, it was and is that universal suffrage is an inalienable right, and that since the amendments to the Constitution, to deprive the Negroes of it would be a violation of the Constitution as well as of a natural right.
True, I deemed the hastening of the bestowal of the franchise as very essential to the welfare of the nation, because without it I believe that the Government will pass into the hands of rebels and their friends, and that such an event would be disastrous to the whole country.
With universal suffrage, I believe the true men of the nation can maintain their position.
Without it, whether that suffrage be impartial, or in any way qualified, I look upon this Republic as likely to relapse into an oligarchy, which will be ruled by coarse copperheadism and proud conservatism.
Copperheads were Northern Democrats, mostly in the Midwest, who opposed the Civil War and emancipation and wanted to negotiate a compromise with the South to preserve the Union.
The name comes from the copperhead snake, a notoriously sneaky serpent.
But the 14th Amendment would go on to be passed and ratified, and it signified the birth of Black citizenship.
The day is such an important marker of citizenship that when the first Black senator, Hiram Revels of Mississippi, arrived in Washington to be seated in 1870, his being seated was objected to by conservative congressmen, some arguing that he had only been a citizen since the ratification of the 14th Amendment two years earlier and thus didn’t meet the citizenship requirements for a senator.
(By the way, Revels was born in America and fought in the Civil War.)
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/07/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/07/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/28/
Reconstruction era
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/25/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/28/
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/29/
1867
Reconstruction Acts
The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 required the former Confederate states to register voters, both Black and white, by having all men sign an oath of allegiance to the United States.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2020/nov/01/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2020/nov/01/
Ku Klux Klan K.K.K.
Founded in the era of Reconstruction, the KKK used terroristic violence to suppress Black voting and political efforts.
Their brutality paved the way for conservative whites to regain control of southern legislatures, effectively ending Reconstruction.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2020/nov/01/
https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3c28619/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2020/nov/01/
The Lost Cause of the Confederacy / The Lost Cause
https://www.loc.gov/resource/pga.01734/ https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.24502100/?st=text https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2001696840/ https://www.loc.gov/item/2002709961/ https://www.loc.gov/item/11032055/ https://www.loc.gov/item/2010717215/ https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3c28619/
https://www.npr.org/2020/06/15/
https://www.npr.org/2020/06/06/
https://www.npr.org/2019/01/21/
Frances Adeline Miller Seward 1805-1865
abolitionist
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/30/
Abraham Lincoln February 12, 1809 - April 15, 1865
Jan. 31, 1865
Thirteenth Amendment
abolishes slavery throughout the country
ON Jan. 31, 1865, Congress passed the 13th Amendment, banning slavery in America.
It was an achievement that abolitionists had spent decades fighting for — and one for which their movement has been lauded ever since.
But before abolitionism succeeded, it failed.
As a pre-Civil War movement, it was a flop.
Antislavery congressmen were able to push through their amendment because of the absence of the pro-slavery South, and the complicated politics of the Civil War.
Abolitionism’s surprise victory has misled generations about how change gets made.
(...)
It’s hard to accept just how unpopular abolitionism was before the Civil War.
The abolitionist Liberty Party never won a majority in a single county, anywhere in America, in any presidential race.
(...)
In 1860 the premier antislavery newspaper, The Liberator, had a circulation of under 3,000, in a nation of 31 million.
Even among Northerners who wanted to stop the spread of slavery, the idea of banning it altogether seemed fanatical.
On the eve of the Civil War, America’s greatest sage, Ralph Waldo Emerson, predicted that slavery might end one day, but “we shall not live to see it.”
In a deeply racist society, where most white Americans, South and North, valued sectional unity above equal rights, “abolitionist” was usually a dirty word.
One man who campaigned for Abraham Lincoln in 1860 complained: “I have been denounced as impudent, foppish, immature, and worse than all, an Abolitionist.” http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/30/was-abolitionism-a-failure/
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1865.html
https://guides.loc.gov/13th-amendment
https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/30/
June 19th, 1863 / Juneteenth
What is Juneteenth – and should it be a federal holiday in the US? Video G 18 June 2020
Every 19 June for more than 150 years African Americans across the US have celebrated freedom from slavery.
Guardian US reporter Kenya Evelyn explores the significance of Juneteenth, how celebrations have evolved over the years and looks at whether it is time for the holiday to receive federal recognition
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Az6hJaNEbSU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Az6hJaNEbSU
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January 1, 1863
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war.
The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/
Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in areas of rebellion
Lincoln puts forth a reconstruction plan offering amnesty to white Southerners who take loyalty oaths and accept the abolition of slavery.
State government can be formed in those states where at least 10 percent of voters comply with these terms. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1863.html
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1863.html
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/21/freedom-and-restraint/
1862
Congress abolishes slavery in Washington, D.C., and the territories
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1862.html
September 22, 1862
Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation
On September 22, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issues a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which sets a date for the freedom of more than 3 million black slaves in the United States and recasts the Civil War as a fight against slavery.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/
John Brown 1800-1859
On October 16, 1859, John Brown led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
His plan to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal was thwarted by local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart3b.html
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/09/
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/28/
admits California to the Union as a free state, allows the slave states of New Mexico and Utah to be decided by popular sovereignty, and bans slave trade in D.C.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1850.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2951.html
Black Abolitionists
https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/02/26/
1848
Anti-slavery groups organize the Free Soil Party, a group opposed to the westward expansion of slavery from which the Republican Party will later be born
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1848.html
1837
New York City hosts the first National Anti-Slavery Society Convention
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1837.html
1831
Nat Turner, an enslaved Baptist preacher believing himself divinely inspired, leads a violent rebellion in Southampton, Virginia.
At least 57 whites are killed
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1831.html
http://international.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart1.html
1829
In Boston, Massachusetts, David Walker publishes his widely read vociferous condemnation of slavery, AN APPEAL TO THE COLORED CITIZENS OF THE WORLD
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1829.html
http://international.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart1.html
Denmark Vesey 1767-1822
black abolitionist who was executed in 1822 for leading a failed slave rebellion (Charleston, S.C.) http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/26/opinion/abolitionist-or-terrorist.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/26/
1820
In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
Furthermore, with the exception of Missouri, this law prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36° 30´ latitude line.
In 1854, the Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Three years later the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision, which ruled that Congress did not have the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories. http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Missouri.html
https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1820.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511.html
1817
The American Colonization Society is founded to help free blacks resettle in Africa
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1817.html
1811
(...) in January of 1811, a group of enslaved people on a plantation on the outskirts of New Orleans rose up, armed themselves and began a long march toward the city.
Hundreds would join them along the way.
Their goal: to free every slave they found and then seize the Crescent City.
The rebellion came to be known as the German Coast Uprising and it's believed to be the largest slave rebellion in United States history.
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/09/µ
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/09/µ
1808
The U.S. bans international slave trading
on January 1st, 1808, the U.S. officially banned the importation of slaves.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h92.html
http://www.npr.org/2015/07/18/
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/
1787
The Northwest Ordinance forbids slavery, except as criminal punishment, in the Northwest Territory (later Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin).
Residents of the territory are required to return fugitive slaves
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1787.html
Pennsylvania’s Gradual Abolition Act of 1780
The act began dismantling slavery, eventually releasing people from bondage after their 28th birthdays.
Under the law, any slave who entered Pennsylvania with an owner and lived in the state for longer than six months would be set free automatically. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/16/opinion/george-washington-slave-catcher.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/16/
1739
Slaves in Stono, South Carolina, rebel, sacking and burning an armory and killing whites.
The colonial militia puts an end to the rebellion before slaves are able to reach freedom in Florida
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1739.html
1781
Mum Bett and another Massachusetts slave successfully sue their master for freedom
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1781.html
1731
The Spanish reverse a 1730 decision and declare that slaves fleeing to Florida from Carolina will not be sold or returned
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1731.html
1712
An alleged slave revolt in New York City leads to violent outbreaks.
Nine whites are killed and eighteen slaves are executed
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1712.html
1671
Bacon's Rebellion
In Virginia, black slaves and black and white indentured servants band together to participate in Bacon's Rebellion
https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/
Related > Anglonautes > History / Historical documents
17th, 18th, 19th, 20th century
20th century > USA > Civil rights
Emancipation Proclamation - 1863
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia
Related
The Guardian > Slavery
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/13/
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