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History > WW2 > 1939-1945

 

Axis powers, Germany, Europe >

Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era,

Holocaust / Shoah, Samudaripen

 

War criminals

 

Adolf Hitler   1889-1945

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adolf Hitler    1889-1945

 

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
the-nazi-rise-to-power

https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/adolf-hitler 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/adolf-hitler

https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/adolf_hitler

https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/
killing_hitler_01.shtml

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3684288.stm 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/
hitler_01.shtml

https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/
hitler_commander_01.shtml

 https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/
nazi_propaganda_gallery.shtml 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/
hitler_lebensraum_01.shtml

https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/
hitler_01.shtml 

 https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/
hitler_commander_01.shtml

https://histoire-image.org/etudes/charisme-hitler

https://histoire-image.org/etudes/propagande-hitlerienne

https://histoire-image.org/etudes/entrevue-montoire

https://histoire-image.org/etudes/hitler-paris

https://histoire-image.org/albums/hitler-images

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/14/
books/review/richard-j-evans-hitlers-people.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jun/23/
the-greatest-thinker-youve-never-heard-of-expert-who-explained-hitlers-rise-
is-finally-in-the-spotlight

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/30/
five-skeletons-wolfs-lair-home-hermann-goring-poland

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/26/
blind-chance-or-plot-exhumation-may-help-
solve-puzzle-of-1933-reichstag-blaze

 

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jan/27/
adolf-hitler-holocaust-atrocities

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jan/27/
black-people-were-hitlers-victims-too-that-must-not-be-forgotten

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/19/
books/review/hitlers-american-gamble-brendan-simms-charlie-laderman.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/12/
movies/the-meaning-of-hitler-review.html

 

Éditer Hitler : comment désarmer le passé ?

Video        France Culture        23 mai 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1bda8570Ss

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/05/
books/review/the-nazi-menace-benjamin-carter-hett.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/16/
amazon-bans-sale-of-most-editions-of-adolf-hitlers-mein-kampf

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/29/
books/hitler-biographies-longerich-simms.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/aug/23/
in-praise-of-address-unknown-the-anti-nazi-novel-that-saw-into-the-future

 

https://www.npr.org/2019/08/06/
748588026/a-long-legal-battle-over-hitlers-birth-home-in-austria-ends

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/19/
arts/design/hitler-looted-the-art-then-they-looted-hitler.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/apr/14/
appeasing-hitler-chamberlain-churchill-road-to-war-tim-bouverie-review

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/apr/05/
appeasing-hitler-chamberlain-churchill-road-to-war-tim-bouverie-review

 

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/feb/16/
bruno-ganz-actor-who-played-hitler-in-downfall-dies-aged-77

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/dec/23/
nein-by-paddy-ashdown-review-hitler

 

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/nov/10/
nazi-looted-art-degas-portrait-family-quest

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/25/
what-to-do-about-hitler-alpine-retreat

 

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/sep/07/
photographer-tony-vaccaro-in-pictures

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/aug/13/
the-tristan-chord-glenn-skwerer-review-hitler-path-to-evil

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/14/
books/review/benjamin-carter-hett-death-of-democracy.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/jun/11/
why-hitler-marry-eva-braun-before-suicide

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/21/
612932451/french-researchers-
hitler-really-did-die-in-the-bunker-in-1945

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/feb/22/
berlin-1936-by-oliver-hilmes-review

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/21/
arts/design/albert-speer-jr-architect-and-son-of-hitler-confidant-
dies-at-83.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/
opinion/hitler-britain-invasion.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/may/02/
i-had-an-intimate-knowledge-of-hitler-norman-ohler-blitzed

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/24/
opinion/i-loved-my-grandmother-but-she-was-a-nazi.html

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/07/
518986612/author-says-
hitler-was-blitzed-on-cocaine-and-opiates-during-the-war

 

 

 

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/12/10/
504955078/for-austria-
a-tough-choice-on-what-to-do-with-hitlers-birthplace

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/
books/high-on-hitler-and-meth-
book-says-nazis-were-fueled-by-drugs.html

 

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/17/
498293151/austria-decides-to-tear-hitlers-house-down

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/28/
books/hitler-ascent-volker-ullrich.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/25/
blitzed-norman-ohler-adolf-hitler-nazi-drug-abuse-interview

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/05/
last-days-of-hitler-hugh-trevor-roper-100-best-nonfiction-books

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/03/
books/edgar-feuchtwanger-bore-witness-horribly-close-to-hitler.html

 

http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/14/
story-of-cities-hitler-germania-berlin-nazis

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/31/
books/tracking-an-elusive-diary-from-hitlers-inner-circle.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/06/
movies/homevideo/triumph-of-the-will-fascist-rants-
and-the-hollywood-response.html

 

https://www.npr.org/2016/01/19/
463565987/hidden-history-of-koch-brothers-traces-their-childhood-and-political-rise 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/01/
mein-kampf-book-adolf-hitler-copyright-expires

 

 

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/sep/18/
figurines-dachau-nazis-love-porcelain--porzellan-manufaktur-allach-himmler-hitler

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/16/
hitlers-world-may-not-be-so-far-away

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/25/
berlin-nazi-past-adolf-hitler

 

 

 

 

http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/apr/19/
the-princes-at-war-deborah-cadbury-17-carnations-
andrew-morton-review-duke-duchess-windsor

 

 

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/07/world/europe/
rochus-misch-bodyguard-of-hitler-dies-at-96.html

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/30/
germany-rise-hitler-project-remembrance

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jan/30/
hitler-80-years-warning

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/27/
hitler-home-movies-eva-braun

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/08/world/europe/
klemens-von-klemperer-dies-at-96-wrote-of-nazi-era.html

 

 

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/aug/01/
pursuit-nazi-mind-daniel-pick

 

http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2012/06/27/
chilling-letters-to-hitler-lost-for-decades-and-recently-found-photos.html

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/04/
hitler-messiah-complex-secret-british-intelligence-report

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/apr/25/
mein-kampf-released-notes-hitler

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/04/
hitlers-first-war-review

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/sep/16/
ian-kershaw-the-end-review

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2011/aug/17/
ian-kershaw-life-writing-interview

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/23/
hitlers-letter-up-auction

 

 

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/16/world/europe/
16hitler.html

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2010/oct/14/
hitler-exhibition-berlin-germany

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2010/oct/14/
hitler-german-society-exhibition-berlin

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/aug/16/
new-evidence-adolf-hitler

 

 

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/10/
stauffenberg-plot-germany-hitler

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/08/
hitler-germany-campaign-collapsed

 

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/5451531/
Unseen-Adolf-Hitler-photographs-published.html - 5 June 2009

 

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/5452458/
Unseen-photographs-reveal-the-private-life-of-Adolf-Hitler.html  - 5 June 2009

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/23/
history.secondworldwar

 

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/02/
usa.secondworldwar

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/oct/10/books.secondworldwar

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jul/17/secondworldwar.germany

 

 

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2007/sep/17/greatinterviews

 

https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/nov/14/research.highereducation 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/sep/25/guardianobituaries.obituaries 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/02/usa.secondworldwar 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/07/secondworldwar.germany 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/10/books.secondworldwar 

 

 

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/nov/05/secondworldwar.germany

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/jan/01/secondworldwar.politics

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/film/2005/apr/07/
germany.secondworldwar

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/mar/21/books.secondworldwar

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jan/19/germany.secondworldwar

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jan/17/secondworldwar.germany

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/may/08/russia.secondworldwar

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jan/19/germany.secondworldwar

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jan/17/secondworldwar.germany

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2005/nov/07/art.secondworldwar

 

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/apr/01/
pressandpublishing.secondworldwar 

 

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
story.php?storyId=4516265 - February 28, 2005

 

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
story.php?storyId=4513397 - February 26, 2005

 

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/
story.php?storyId=4513021 - February 25, 2005

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/20/
movies/hitler-that-fellow-with-the-nice-little-dog.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/18/
movies/the-last-days-of-hitler-raving-and-ravioli.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/25/
usa.secondworldwar

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/15/
world/europe/the-alltoohuman-hitler-on-your-big-screen.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/nov/17/
top10s.hitler.thirdreich 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/jul/01/
news

 

 

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2002/10/20/
1151992/hitler-in-vienna

 

https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/feb/14/
guardianobituaries.humanities 

 

 

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/17/science/
insane-or-just-evil-a-psychiatrist-takes-a-new-look-at-hitler.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1945/09/09/
archives/worldwide-search-for-hitler-goes-on.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1943/02/25/
archives/it-sounds-like-hitler.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/22/
archives/the-art-of-propaganda-by-adolf-hitler.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1940/06/05/
archives/hitler-threatens-to-destroy-allies-as-germans-enter-dunkerque-he.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1940/06/02/
archives/if-hitler-wins-what-it-might-mean-to-us.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1939/09/01/
archives/hitler-gives-word-in-a-proclamation-
he-accuses-warsaw-of-appeal-to.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1939/08/20/
archives/herr-hitler-at-home-in-the-clouds-high-up-on-his-favorite-mountain.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1938/10/20/
archives/hitler-on-sudetenland-tourr.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1936/03/08/
archives/hitler-strikes-again.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1938/02/06/
archives/five-years-of-hitlers-rule.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1937/05/30/
archives/where-hitler-dreams-and-plans-at-the-berghof-on-a-bavarian-peak-he.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1934/09/16/
archives/nazi-germany-launched-on-a-new-economic-course-hitlers-policy-on.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1934/05/01/
archives/the-brown-shirts.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1933/01/31/
archives/hitler-puts-aside-aim-to-be-dictator-german-cabinet-also-reveals.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1933/01/21/
archives/hitler-assails-defeatism.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1932/05/22/
archives/adolf-hitler-as-a-symbol-of-worldwide-upheaval-mr-lengyels-book.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1931/12/20/
archives/herr-hitler-replies-to-some-fundamental-questions-an-interview-with.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1930/09/21/
archives/hitler-driving-force-in-germanys-fascism-his-fiery-oratory-has-won.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1924/12/21/
archives/hitler-tamed-by-prison-released-on-parole-he-is-expected-to-return.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1922/11/21/
archives/new-popular-idol-rises-in-bavaria-hitler-credited-with.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler dies in the Chancellery

 

From The Guardian archive,

Wednesday 2 May 1945

 

https://www.theguardian.com/news/1945/may/02/
leadersandreply.mainsection

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Eva Braun    1912-1945

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

 

Eva Braun, date and location unknown.

 

Location: Germany

 

Date taken: 1939

 

Photographer: Hugo Jaeger

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=daabda1847784cf4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/jun/11/
why-hitler-marry-eva-braun-before-suicide

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/27/
hitler-home-movies-eva-braun 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/14/
eva-braun-adolf-hitler
 

 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/hardtalk/2317749.stm

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/10/
secondworldwar.vanessathorpe 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/apr/27/
historybooks.features

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/04/
world/the-day-of-hitler-s-death-even-now-new-glimpses.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/22/
archives/russian-writes-of-hitler-death-chuikov-states-his-troops-found-body.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1956/10/26/
archives/german-judge-confirms-that-hitler-died-as-a-suicide-in-a-berlin.html

 

 

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1945/06/22/
archives/shaef-aides-sure-hitler-died-may-1-supreme-headquarters-quotes.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1945/05/24/
archives/says-hitler-died-in-mercy-killing.html

 

https://www.nytimes.com/1945/05/03/
archives/goebbels-and-fuehrer-died-by-own-hands-aide-says-hitler-goebbels.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler’s window, Eagles Nest, Bavaria, 1947

 

Photograph: Tony Vaccaro

 

Dark days and starry nights: Tony Vaccaro – in pictures

The Pennsylvania-born photographer

Michael A ‘Tony’ Vaccaro

is best known for the powerful images he took in Europe

during and after the second world war.

Later, he won acclaim for his work

on popular US fashion, travel and lifestyle magazines

G

Fri 7 Sep 2018    07.00 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/sep/07/
photographer-tony-vaccaro-in-pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A bust of Adolf Hitler

lies amid the ruins of the Reich Chancellery in 1945.

 

Photograph: Reg Speller/Getty Images

 

 From the buried bunker,

Hitler’s ghost still haunts Berlin’s psyche, 70 years on

As the anniversary of the Nazi leader’s death approaches,

there is a divide between the wish to avoid the shameful past

and a need to acknowledge it

G

Saturday 25 April 2015    22.25 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/25/
berlin-nazi-past-adolf-hitler

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

An unwell-looking Adolf Hitler in July 1944.

 

Photograph: ullsteinbild/Getty Images

 

Anglonautes' note: this picture is cropped.

See uncropped photo below.

 

High Hitler:

how Nazi drug abuse steered the course of history

G

Sunday 25 September 2016    10.00 BST

Last modified on Monday 6 February 2017    14.09 GMT

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/sep/25/
blitzed-norman-ohler-adolf-hitler-nazi-drug-abuse-interview

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hermann Göring with Adolf Hitler (left)

and Benito Mussolini (back)

at Wolf’s Lair in 1944.

 

Photograph: Ullstein bild Dtl/Getty Images

 

Five skeletons

found under Wolf’s Lair home of Hermann Göring in Poland

Amateur archaeologists discover remains missing hands and feet

at former Nazi military headquarters

G

Tue 30 Apr 2024    18.48 CEST

Last modified on Wed 1 May 2024    23.27 CEST

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/30/
five-skeletons-wolfs-lair-home-hermann-goring-poland

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The young fighters of the Hitler Youth

were caught in Hitler’s hypnotic grip.

 

Photograph: ullstein bild Dtl./Getty

 

WWII: eighty years on,

the world is still haunted by a catastrophe foretold

G

Sun 1 Sep 2019    09.00 BST

Last modified on Sun 1 Sep 2019    09.15 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/01/
world-war-two-eighty-years-on-world-still-haunted-by-catastrophe-foretold

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Germania’s Great Hall

was designed by Hitler

and his chief architect, Albert Speer,

to be the largest covered space in the world

and the centrepiece of the Third Reich’s capital.

 

Photograph: Interfoto/Alamy Stock Photo

 

Story of cities #22:

how Hitler's plans for Germania would have torn Berlin apart

G

Thursday 14 April 2016    07.30 BST

Last modified on Thursday 14 April 2016    07.31 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/14/
story-of-cities-hitler-germania-berlin-nazis 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘The embodiment of the German soul’ …

Himmler presents Allach figurines

on Hitler’s birthday in 1944.

 

Photograph: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

Heinrich Hoffman

 

Figurines in Dachau

- Edmund de Waal on the Nazis’ love of porcelain

G

Friday 18 September 2015    14.00 BST

Last modified on Saturday 19 September 2015    00.01 BST

http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/sep/18/
figurines-dachau-nazis-love-porcelain--porzellan-manufaktur-allach-himmler-hitler

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

=

 

 

Hitler working out the offensive against Stalingrad.

 

Photograph: Mondadori Portfolio/Getty Images

 

Stalingrad by Vasily Grossman review

– one of the great novels of the 20th century

G

Mon 3 Jun 2019    07.01 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jun/03/
stalingrad-by-vasily-grossman-review

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

 

Hitler's 54th birthday; the Philharmonie.

 

Location: Berlin, Germany

 

Date taken: April 20, 1942

 

Photograph: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/38829d6385a70f4c.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler declares war on the United States, Dec. 11, 1941.

 

Photograph: Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone

via Getty Images

 

The Decision That Cost Hitler the War

NYT

November 19, 2021

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/19/
books/review/hitlers-american-gamble-brendan-simms-charlie-laderman.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler announces the declaration of war against the United States

to the Reichstag on 11 December 1941

 

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0703-507,

Berlin, Reichstagssitzung, Rede Adolf Hitler.jpg

 

German declaration of war against the United States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declaration_of_war_against_the_United_States

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0703-507,_Berlin,_Reichstagssitzung,_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Aloisia V

 

One of the thousands of victims

of the Nazi regime's programme

to kill mentally ill people

was a relative of Adolf Hitler,

two historians said yesterday.

 

The woman,

identified only as Aloisia V,

was 49 when she was gassed

to death on December 6 1940

in Hartheim castle

near the northern Austrian

city of Linz,

Timothy Ryback said.

 

Mr Ryback, an American

who now lives in Salzburg

and heads

the Obersalzberg Institute

in Berchtesgaden, Germany,

said the details surrounding

the woman's death

surfaced last week,

after Obersalzberg

archivist Florian Beierl

gained access to her medical file

at a Vienna medical institution

where she had been treated.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/19/
germany.secondworldwar

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/19/
germany.secondworldwar

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

October 23, 1940

 

France    Hendaye

 

Hitler meets Franco

 

 

 

 

Smiling German ldr. Adolf Hitler (R)

shaking hands

w. Spanish leader Generalissimo Francisco Franco (2L)

during Hitler's only official meeeting w. Franco.

 

Location: Hendaye, France

 

Date taken: October 23, 1940

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=2bab5be9c6f1bc41

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.ina.fr/video/AFE85000178/
entrevue-historique-du-chancelier-hitler-
avec-le-general-franco-video.html - warning: nazi propaganda

 

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/3533400/
Franco-feared-Hitler-would-kidnap-him.html 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘My grandad joined the Nazi party early,

and volunteered to fight in 1940.’

 

An enthusiastic Berlin crowd

react to a speech by Adolf Hitler in September 1939.

 

Photograph: Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone

via Getty Images

 

My grandfather was a Nazi.

I’ve seen why we need the EU

 

Since world war two,

there have been three generations of Germans living in peace.

That peace is taken for granted

G

Wed 20 Feb 2019    06.00 GMT

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/feb/20/
grandfather-nazi-eu-world-war-two-germans-peace

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

 

Nazi leader Adolf Hitler

saluting leaders & men of the Legion Condor,

German Luftwaffe troops

which fought alongside Spanish Nationalist troops

in the Spanish Civil war,

during a rally held in their honor upon their return.

 

Location: Berlin, Germany

 

Date taken: June 6, 1939

 

Photograph: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/f?imgurl=dc2eae969e786901

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

 

(L-R) Ferdinand Porsche, Adolf Hitler and Robert Ley

with Hitler's 50th birthday gift, the Volkswagen Beetle.

 

Location: Berlin, Germany

 

Date taken: April 20, 1939

 

Photograph: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/28db5290110aa234.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

 

L to R:

Professor Morrel,

wife of Gauletier [ sic, correct spelling: gauleiter ] Forster

and Hitler

at Hitler's Obersalzburg house.

 

Location: Obersalzburg, Germany

 

Date taken: 1939

 

Photograph: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/1f5548924a351b13.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler's 50th birthday    April 20, 1939

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

 

Hitler receives model of Condor airplane

as a 50th birthday gift from flight Captain Bauer.

 

Far R:

Dr. Karl Brandt.

 

Location: Berlin, Germany

 

Date taken: April 20, 1939

 

Photograph: Hugo Jaeger

 

Hugo Jaeger

was one of Hitler's personal photographers.

http://www.life.com/image/ugc1000272/in-gallery/27022

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/b7175f8c72d8a0b7.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

30 January 1939

 

Hitler's 'prophecy' speech

to the Reichstag

 

 

'In the course of my life

I have very often been a prophet,

and have usually been ridiculed

for it.

 

During the time

of my struggle for power,

it was in the first instance

the Jewish race that received

my prophecies with laughter

- when I said that I would one day

take over the leadership of the State,

and with it that of the whole nation,

and that I would then,

among many other things,

settle the Jewish problem.

 

I think

that for some time now

they have been laughing

on the other side

of their face (laughter).

 

Today I will once more

be a prophet.

 

If the international

Jewish financiers,

inside and outside Europe,

succeed in plunging the nations

once more into a world war,

then the result will not be

the Bolshevisation of the earth,

and thus the victory of Jewry,

but the annihilation

of the Jewish race in Europe!'

 

On the sixth anniversary

of his rise to power,

the Führer provided

a horrifying resolution

to the 'Jewish problem'.

 

In this clip he made a prophecy

that a world war would result

in the annihilation

of all European Jews.

 

The audio has been reproduced

by courtesy of Stiftung

Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv

in Frankfurt, Germany.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/
hitler_audio.shtml

 

 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/
hitler_audio.shtml

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

June 1938

 

Adolf Hitler ordered

Munich's main synagogue

to be demolished in June 1938

 

The synagogue

was one of the first in Germany

to be torn down during Hitler's rule,

authorities say.

 

It had been a center of Jewish life

and a major Munich landmark.

 

The massive building was designed

by prominent German architect

Albert Schmidt

and opened in 1887.

 

It had more than 1,500 seats

and served as

the city's main synagogue,

Purin says.

 

And it had been in use

for barely a half-century

when Hitler ordered

its demolition in June 1938

— months before Kristallnacht

(or the November Pogrom)

wrought the destruction

of hundreds of synagogues

across the country.

 

Purin says

two main reasons explain

why this particular synagogue

was one of just a small handful

razed so early.

 

For one, the Nazi party,

which was founded

and headquartered in Munich,

simply didn't want

such a huge synagogue there.

 

"The synagogue was very close

to a main art gallery with a restaurant

where Hitler liked to have dinner

when he was in Munich," Purin says.

 

"And ... he had to look out

at the synagogue,

[which] he disliked."

 

Hitler deemed the structure an eyesore

and personally ordered its removal,

the Jewish Telegraphic Agency reported

at the time.

 

It also served

as a "test" for Kristallnacht,

to see how the German public

would react

to the destruction of a synagogue,

according to Purin.

 

There was no reaction, he said.

 

The Nazi movement was also

targeting Catholic

and Protestant churches,

he added, and Hitler had ordered

the demolition of a Protestant church

around the same time,

which prompted considerable backlash.

 

"And so they saw

it's quite difficult

to start demolishing churches,

but no problem

with demolishing synagogues,"

he said.

https://www.npr.org/2023/07/06/
1186049726/munich-synagogue-hitler-demolished-found-river

 

 

https://www.npr.org/2023/07/06/
1186049726/munich-synagogue-hitler-demolished-found-river

 

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66107481

 

https://www.lbi.org/griffinger/record/211377

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chamberlain (right)

shakes hands with Mussolini

after signing the Munich Agreement

while Hitler and other European leaders look on,

30 September 1938.

 

[ Far left: Hermann Göring (1893–1946) ]

 

Photograph: Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS

 

From the archive, 20 December 1938:

Chamberlain's reply to Hitler

- still waiting for commitment to peace

G

Saturday 20 December 2014    05.30 GMT

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/20/
chamberlain-hitler-appeasement-munich-agreement-archive-1938

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Neville Chamberlain [ left ]

shakes hands with Adolf Hitler

eight days before signing the Munich agreement.

 

Photograph: Keystone/Getty Images

 

Molotov-Ribbentrop:

why is Moscow trying to justify Nazi pact?

Exhibition about Soviet-Nazi treaty,

signed on 23 August 1939,

seeks to turn spotlight

on west’s behaviour in 1930s

G

Fri 23 Aug 2019    07.17 BST

Last modified on Fri 23 Aug 2019    10.14 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/23/
moscow-campaign-to-justify-molotov-ribbentrop-pact-sparks-outcry

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adolf Hitler at the head of a convoy

through Sudetenland, October 1938.

 

Photograph: Topical Press Agency/Getty Images

 

Appeasing Hitler by Tim Bouverie review – the road to war

G

Fri 5 Apr 2019    07.30 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/apr/05/
appeasing-hitler-chamberlain-churchill-road-to-war-tim-bouverie-review

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adolf Hitler at a Nuremberg rally.

 

[ Left: Rudolf Hess (1894-1987) ]

 

Photograph: Hulton Deutsch

Corbis via Getty Images

 

May I have a word… about Hitler’s British traitors

A new book sheds light

not only on Second World War spies and saboteurs

but on the delightful vocabulary of the time

G

Sun 5 Aug 2018    06.00 BST

Last modified on Tue 7 Aug 2018    15.21 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/commentisfree/2018/aug/05/
may-i-have-a-word-hitler-british-nazi-sympathisers-traitors

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler watches the Olympic Flame

before the start of the 1936 Olympic Games.

 

Photograph: IOC Olympic Museum /Allsport

 

Berlin 1936 by Oliver Hilmes review – Hitler’s Olympics

Most visitors were dazzled by the 1936 games.

This lightweight study dwells not on the dark side,

but on the glitz, glamour and gossip

G

Thu 22 Feb 2018    09.00 GMT

Last modified on Tue 6 Mar 2018    23.19 GMT

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/feb/22/
berlin-1936-by-oliver-hilmes-review

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

August 1936

 

Herr Hitler opens the Berlin Olympics

 

From the Guardian archive,

3 August 1936

 

Suddenly

a forest of arms shot out,

and the German spectators

broke into a deafening

roar of applause

https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/aug/03/
archive-1936-hitler-opens-berlin-olympic-games 

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/aug/03/
archive-1936-hitler-opens-berlin-olympic-games

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adolf Hitler inspects Nazi troops,

Germany, 1935.

 

Photograph: Print Collector/Getty Images

 

Dutch queen planned deal with Nazis to help rescue Belgian king

Queen Wilhelmina tried to broker pact via Vatican for Leopold III,

war diaries reveal

G

Tue 30 Apr 2019    12.49 BST

Last modified on Tue 30 Apr 2019    13.41 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/30/
dutch-queen-planned-deal-with-nazis-to-help-rescue-belgian-king

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adolf Hitler thanks Rudolf Hess

for his service at a 1934 Nazi convention in Nuremberg.

 

Credit...Ullstein Bild, via Getty Images

 

His Trilogy Explored the Nazi Era.

Now He Looks at the People Behind It.

In “Hitler’s People,”

the renowned historian Richard J. Evans

takes a biographical approach to the Third Reich.

NYT

August 14, 2024

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/14/
books/review/richard-j-evans-hitlers-people.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adolf Hitler and Nazi youth leader Baldur von Schirach

inspect Hitler youth at the Nuremberg rally in 1934.

 

Photograph: Ullstein bild Dtl./Getty Images

 

WWII: eighty years on,

the world is still haunted by a catastrophe foretold

G

Sun 1 Sep 2019    09.00 BST

Last modified on Sun 1 Sep 2019    09.15 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/01/
world-war-two-eighty-years-on-world-still-haunted-by-catastrophe-foretold

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adolf Hitler arrives in Berchtesgaden,

in the Bavarian Alps, in 1934.

 

Photograph: AP

 

Nein! by Paddy Ashdown review

– the Germans who stood up to Hitler

 

Riveting new detail is added

to the story of the men and women

who lost their lives trying to stop the Führer,

in the final book by Ashdown,

who died on Saturday

G

Sun 23 Dec 2018    07.00 GMT

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/dec/23/
nein-by-paddy-ashdown-review-hitler

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hindenburg's Successor

 

From the Guardian archive,

3 August 1934

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/aug/03/
archive-hindenburg-hitler-germany 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Formal portrait of German Chancellor (fuhrer) Adolf Hitler

on his forty-fifth birthday.

 

Location: Germany

 

Date taken: April 20, 1934

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/b2d64efdeb1cec09.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

Berlin 1933 – The Road to Dictatorship

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/30/
germany-rise-hitler-project-remembrance 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

From the Guardian archive,

22 March 1933:

 

Trotsky on the new Germany

 

 

https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/mar/22/
archive-trotsky-on-the-new-germany-1933

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31 January 1933

 

Hitler forms his first government

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jan/30/
hitler-80-years-warning

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2011/jan/31/
archive-hitler-forms-first-government

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler with German president Paul von Hindenburg

in 1933.

 

Photograph: AP

 

Address Unknown:

the great, forgotten anti-Nazi book everyone must read

G

August 23, 2019

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/aug/23/
in-praise-of-address-unknown-the-anti-nazi-novel-that-saw-into-the-future

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1933

 

Nazi Germany

 

 

Adolf Hitler comes to power

on a programme to reverse

the Versailles Treaty.

 

He withdraws from

the disarmament conference

and leaves the League of Nations.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/overview_britain_1918_1945_03.shtml - broken link

 

   

https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/
page/197.shtml?question=197

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/14/
books/review/benjamin-carter-hett-death-of-democracy.html

 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/1933/nov/13/
secondworldwar.germany2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler outside party headquarters

in 1931.

 

The biographers Peter Longerich and Brendan Simms

have new books about his rise to power.

 

Photograph: Associated Press

 

Revisiting Hitler, in a New Authoritarian Age

With nationalism and anti-Semitism on the rise around the world,

two big new biographies look at the Nazi leader’s march to power.

NYT

Published Sept. 29, 2019

Updated Sept. 30, 2019, 11:17 a.m. ET

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/29/
books/hitler-biographies-longerich-simms.html

 

Related

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/29/
books/hitler-biographies-longerich-simms.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler/Jaeger File

 

Hitler and admirers.

Probably in Munich.

 

Location: Munich, Germany

 

Date taken: 1930

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/5233244e70ad4a07.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adolf Hitler (looking angry)

leaving Leusberg Prison,

where he wrote Mein Kampf.

 

Location: Germany

 

Date taken: 1924

 

Life Images

http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/47d54ff0b0a0e7bb_large

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1925

 

Hitler’s ‘Mein Kampf’

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Éditer Hitler :

comment désarmer le passé ?

France Culture    23 mai 2021

 

 

 

 

Éditer Hitler : comment désarmer le passé ?

Video        France Culture        23 mai 2021

 

1945, en Allemagne.

Devant les caméras de la propagande de guerre,

des soldats américains fondent les plaques

qui servaient à imprimer Mein Kampf.

 

Vingt ans plus tôt,

le chef nazi Adolf Hitler

mettait en circulation son texte d’une violence rare,

dans lequel il dévoilait son programme.

 

Mein Kampf

contient-il un poison qu’on ne saurait conjurer ?

 

La question a ressurgi

lorsque les droits du livre

sont tombés dans le domaine public,

le 1er janvier 2016,

après avoir cessé d'être détenus

par le seul État régional allemand de Bavière,

qui les avait reçus des forces d'occupation américaines

au lendemain de la Seconde guerre mondiale.

 

Ce 2 juin,

une maison d’édition française, Fayard,

mettra en circulation un imposant volume de 1 000 pages,

à la mise en page réduite au strict minimum.

 

Une version de "Mein Kampf"

assortie d’un important appareil critique

et dont le titre, “Historiciser le mal”,

laisse bien comprendre

qu’il s’agit plus d’un travail universitaire

que d’une simple réédition.

 

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1bda8570Ss

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/culture-idees/130621/
olivier-mannoni-traduire-mein-kampf-revient-porter-un-double-poids

 

Éditer Hitler : comment désarmer le passé ?

Video        France Culture        23 mai 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1bda8570Ss

 

http://www.npr.org/2016/01/
14/463028807/the-failed-coup-that-led-to-hitlers-mein-kampf

 

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/12/
the-guardian-view-on-mein-kampf-a-good-new-edition-of-a-very-bad-old-book

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/08/
copies-of-hitlers-mein-kampf-go-on-sale-in-germany-for-first-time-in-70-years

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/01/
mein-kampf-book-adolf-hitler-copyright-expires

 

 

 

 

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/02/
world/europe/scholars-unveil-new-edition-of-hitlers-mein-kampf.html

 

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/03/
mein-kampf-strange-tales-of-the-worlds-most-dangerous-book

 

 

 

 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/apr/26/
republishing-mein-kampf-hitler

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Inside minimum security prison

at Fortress of Landsberg are

(L) Adolf Hitler & (2R) visitor Rudolf Hess

w. other unident. prisoners.

 

Location: Germany

 

Date taken: 1924

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/8cc9265d437fb1bc.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Alfred Rosenberg, left,

with Hitler and Friedrich Weber, right,

during the Munich Putsch in 1923.

 

Photograph: Keystone/Getty Images

 

Tracking an Elusive Diary From Hitler’s Inner Circle

NYT

MARCH 30, 2016

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/31/
books/tracking-an-elusive-diary-from-hitlers-inner-circle.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TITLE:

[Adolf Hitler, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing slightly left]

 

MEDIUM: 1 photographic. print.

 

CREATED/PUBLISHED: 1923 Oct. 30.

 

NOTES: By Bain News Service, New York City.

George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).

DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3b43939

http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3b43939

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nov. 9, 1923

 

Hitler is arrested

after trying to stage a coup,

the farcical “Beer Hall Putsch,”

in his first bid to take power

https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/
world/europe/10germany.html

 

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/
world/europe/10germany.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Germany

 

the Dolchstosslegende,

or stab-in-the-back myth.

 

 

amid the implosions

of Imperial Germany,

powerful conservatives

who led the country into war

refused to accept

that they had lost.

 

Their denial gave birth

to arguably the most potent

and disastrous political lie

of the 20th century

— the Dolchstosslegende,

or stab-in-the-back myth.

 

Its core claim was

that Imperial Germany

never lost World War I.

 

Defeat, its proponents said,

was declared but not warranted.

 

It was a conspiracy, a con,

a capitulation — a grave betrayal

that forever stained the nation.

 

That the claim was palpably false

didn’t matter.

 

Among a sizable number of Germans,

it stirred resentment,

humiliation and anger.

 

And the one figure who knew best

how to exploit their frustration

was Adolf Hitler.

 

In 1918, Germany

was staring at defeat.

 

The entry of the United States

into the war the year before,

and a sequence

of successful counterattacks

by British and French forces,

left German forces demoralized.

 

Navy sailors went on strike.

 

They had no appetite

to be butchered in the hopeless

yet supposedly holy mission

of Kaiser Wilhelm II

and the loyal aristocrats

who made up

the Supreme Army Command.


A starving population joined the strikes

and demands for a republic grew.

 

On Nov. 9, 1918, Wilhelm abdicated,

and two days later

the army leaders signed the armistice.

 

It was too much to bear for many:

 

Military officers, monarchists

and right-wingers spread

the myth that if it had not been

for political sabotage

by Social Democrats

and Jews back home,

the army would never

have had to give in.

 

The deceit found

willing supporters.

 

“Im Felde unbesiegt”

— “undefeated on the battlefield” —

was the slogan

with which returning soldiers

were greeted.

 

Newspapers and postcards

depicted German soldiers

being stabbed in the back

by either evil figures

carrying the red flag of socialism

or grossly caricatured Jews.

 

By the time

of the Treaty of Versailles

the following year,

the myth was already

well established.

 

The harsh conditions

imposed by the Allies,

including

painful reparation payments,

burnished the sense of betrayal.

 

It was especially incomprehensible

that Germany,

in just a couple of years,

had gone from one of the world’s

most respected nations

to its biggest loser.


The startling aspect

about the Dolchstosslegende

is this:

 

It did not grow weaker after 1918

but stronger.

 

In the face of humiliation

and unable or unwilling

to cope with the truth,

many Germans embarked

on a disastrous self-delusion:

 

The nation had been betrayed,

but its honor and greatness

could never be lost.

 

And those without a sense

of national duty and righteousness

— the left and even

the elected government

of the new republic

— could never be legitimate

custodians of the country.

 

In this way,

the myth was not just

the sharp wedge that drove

the Weimar Republic apart.

 

It was also at the heart

of Nazi propaganda,

and instrumental

in justifying violence

against opponents.

 

The key to Hitler’s success

was that, by 1933,

a considerable part

of the German electorate

had put the ideas

embodied in the myth

— honor, greatness,

national pride —

above democracy.

 

The Germans were so worn down

by the lost war, unemployment

and international humiliation

that they fell prey

to the promises of a “Führer”

who cracked down hard

on anyone perceived as “traitors,”

leftists and Jews above all.

 

The stab-in-the-back myth

was central to it all.

 

When Hitler became chancellor

on Jan. 30, 1933,

the Nazi newspaper

Völkischer Beobachter wrote

that “irrepressible pride

goes through the millions”

who fought so long to

“undo the shame

of 9 November 1918.”

 

Germany’s

first democracy fell.

 

Without a basic consensus

built on a shared reality,

society split into groups

of ardent,

uncompromising partisans.

 

And in an atmosphere

of mistrust and paranoia,

the notion that dissenters

were threats to the nation

steadily took hold.

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/30/
opinion/trump-conspiracy-germany-1918.html

 

 

https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/
weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/dolchstosslegende.html

 

https://www.dw.com/de/juden-im-ersten-weltkrieg/a-17808361

 

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/30/
opinion/trump-conspiracy-germany-1918.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hitler's First War

by Thomas Weber - review

 

Exposing the lies

of Hitler's early life

 

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/04/
hitlers-first-war-review

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adolf Hitler, far left,

with fellow soldiers during the first world war.

 

Photograph: Getty

 

The Tristan Chord by Glenn Skwerer review

– Hitler’s path to evil

 

A fictionalised account of the Führer’s early life

brilliantly captures the banality of the man

G

Mon 13 Aug 2018    08.00 BST

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/aug/13/
the-tristan-chord-glenn-skwerer-review-hitler-path-to-evil

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adolf Hitler (?) in crowd outside the Odeonplatz

during the mobilization of the German army for WWI.

 

Location: Munich, Germany

 

Date taken: August 2, 1914

 

Life Images

http://images.google.com/hosted/life/4181151dfde7ea4c.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Related

 

 

 

Adolf Hitler, la photo trop parfaite

 

LE MONDE

14.04.2014 à 09h34

Par André Loez

 

Il s’agit sans doute de la plus célèbre photographie du début de la guerre. Une foule dense se presse sur l’Odeonsplatz, à Munich, le 2 août 1914, pour célébrer l’entrée en guerre de l’Allemagne contre la Russie, déclarée la veille. Dans un cercle à la droite de l’image, un agrandissement permet de bien distinguer l’une de ces figures enthousiastes : on reconnaît la moustache et la mèche caractéristiques d’Adolf Hitler, sujet autrichien de 25 ans, qui va bientôt s’engager au 16e régiment d’infanterie de réserve bavarois pour ce qu’il décrira ensuite comme l’expérience la plus exaltante de son existence. Le cliché semble ainsi fixer la rencontre parfaite d’un destin individuel, celui du futur Führer, et d’un sentiment collectif, celui de l’unité nationale exaltée, au tout début du conflit.

Trop parfaite, peut-être. Car on doit l’image à Heinrich Hoffmann (1885-1957), nazi convaincu dès 1920, devenu le photographe officiel de Hitler par la suite : il immortalisera par exemple sa poignée de main avec Pétain à Montoire, en octobre 1940. Auteur d’un reportage sur l’entrée en guerre en 1914, il n’aurait d’abord pas remarqué Hitler sur sa photo, avant de la « retrouver » et de la publier opportunément, avec agrandissement, à la veille de l’élection présidentielle de 1932.

Autant d’éléments qui font douter bien des historiens de son authenticité, Gerd Krumeich faisant valoir, par exemple, que la plaque de verre originelle n’a jamais été retrouvée, ou que d’autres versions du cliché montrent un personnage à la coiffure différente. Au-delà de retouches indéniables, la présence d’Hitler à ce rassemblement reste plausible.

Mais comment interpréter l’image d’unanimité se dégageant du document ? Ici, Thomas Weber, le plus récent biographe des années de guerre de Hitler, attire l’attention sur la composition de la scène : alors que d’autres photos, ainsi qu’un film réalisé le même jour, montrent une foule munichoise assez restreinte, de bonnes parties de la place restant vides, le cadrage resserré produit un effet de masse trompeur. Davantage qu’une vue réaliste de la mobilisation, le cliché vise l’efficacité mobilisatrice, en 1914 comme dans les années 1930.

Adolf Hitler, la photo trop parfaite
LE MONDE | 14.04.2014 à 09h34 | Par André Loez
https://www.lemonde.fr/centenaire-14-18-decryptages/article/2014/04/14/
adolf-hitler-la-photo-trop-parfaite
_4380869_4366930.html 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century >

WW2 (1939-1945)

 

Germany, Europe >

Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era,

Holocaust / Shoah,

Samudaripen

 

 

Allies and Axis leaders

 

 

World War 2

 

 

 

 

 

Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century > UK

 

WW2

Victory in Europe Day / VE Day - 8 May 1945

 

 

WW2 > Timeline   1939-1945

 

 

WW2 >

Evacuation Operation Pied Piper - September 1939,

The Blitz   1940-1941

 

 

WW2

Kindertransport    1938-1940

 

 

Approach of war

Munich Agreement / Appeasement   1938-1939

 

 

British fascism    1930s-1940s

 

 

 

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