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History > WW2 > 1939-1945
Axis powers, Germany, Europe > Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era, Holocaust / Shoah, Samudaripen
1920s-1930s > Austria
A Jewish-owned optician’s shop in Austria marked by the Nazis with the word ‘Jew’ and a swastika.
Photograph: Hulton Deutsch/Corbis/Getty Images
Austria offers citizenship to the descendants of Jews who fled the Nazis New law hailed as justice for families of refugees – and could benefit thousands of Britons G Sun 30 Aug 2020 07.15 CEST Last modified on Tue 10 Nov 2020 16.50 CET
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/30/
Nazis and Vienna’s citizens watch as Jews are forced to scrub the streets of the Austrian capital in 1938.
Photograph: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Photographs don't lie: why does Austria flirt with fascism? Gustav Metzger used a photo of Jewish men scrubbing Viennese streets under the gaze of sneering Nazis to remind the world about antisemitism. The narrow defeat of Norbert Hofer proves his message is as relevant as ever G Wed 25 May 2016 10.00 CEST Last modified on Wed 19 Oct 2022 16.23 CEST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2016/may/25/
War veterans join a Nazi parade in Vienna in about 1930. Karl Polanyi fled the city for Britain.
Photograph: FPG/Getty Images
expert who explained Hitler’s rise is finally in the spotlight G Sun 23 Jun 2024 12.00 CEST Last modified on Sun 23 Jun 2024 17.19 CEST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jun/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2024/jan/06/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jun/23/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/05/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/09/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2016/may/25/
https://www.npr.org/2015/04/02/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/16/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/13/
https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/mar/11/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/27/
https://www.npr.org/2007/07/14/
https://www.npr.org/2002/10/20/
https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/23/
https://www.nytimes.com/1939/01/08/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1938/mar/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/1936/08/09/
https://www.nytimes.com/1938/09/02/
https://www.nytimes.com/1938/03/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/1938/03/13/
https://www.nytimes.com/1938/03/01/
https://www.nytimes.com/1938/02/21/
https://www.nytimes.com/1937/01/16/
https://www.nytimes.com/1935/04/28/
https://www.nytimes.com/1934/01/31/
Austria
Hans Asperger / Johann Friedrich Karl Asperger 1906-1980
Eight-year study finds pioneer of paediatrics assisted in Third Reich’s ‘euthanasia’ programme
(...)
The Austrian doctor after whom Asperger syndrome is named was an active participant in the Nazi regime, assisting in the Third Reich’s so called euthanasia programme and supporting the concept of racial hygiene by deeming certain children unworthy to live, according to a study by a medical historian.
(...)
But by unearthing previously untouched documents from state archives, including Asperger’s personnel files and patient case records, Czech has revealed a scientist who allied himself so closely with the Nazi ideology that he frequently referred children to the Am Spiegelgrund clinic, which was set up as a collecting point for children who failed to conform to the regime’s criteria of “worthy to live”.
Nearly 800 children died at the clinic between 1940 and 1945, many of whom were murdered under the notorious child “euthanasia” scheme.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/19/
Sheffer also gives a long-overdue and gripping analysis of Asperger’s own writing before, during and after the Third Reich.
She details his wartime denigration of the cognitively and physically disabled children in his care.
She frames him as complicit in “negative eugenics” and a careerist.
Jewish doctors were forbidden to practise public medicine during the Anschluss.
While never a Nazi party member, Asperger did not protest about his more senior Jewish colleagues’ exclusion.
Aged 28, he became the head of the Curative Education Clinic within Vienna’s prestigious children’s hospital.
Sheffer writes: “In May 1938, Asperger began to work for the Nazi state as a psychiatric expert for the city’s juvenile court system.
He also applied to consult for the Hitler Youth.”
Sheffer reveals that Asperger actively endorsed the forced sterilisation laws, citing his words that some people were “a burden on the community” and that “the proliferation of many of these types is undesirable for the Volk, ie, the task is to exclude certain people from reproduction”.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/04/
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jul/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/
https://www.npr.org/2018/05/12/
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/apr/22/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/19/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/19/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/31/
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/01/20/
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/02/
Austria Chancellor Dollfuss 1892-1934
Time Covers - The 30S TIME cover 09-25-1933 Engelbert Dollfuss, photo credit Knozer.
Date taken: September 25, 1933
Life images http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=f685e09a27554dec - broken link
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/
Georg Wilhelm Pabst 1885-1967
Austrian film director and screenwriter.
He started as an actor and theater director, before becoming one of the most influential German-language filmmakers during the Weimar Republic.
(...)
After making A Modern Hero (1934) in the USA and Street of Shadows (1937) in France, Pabst (who was planning to emigrate to the United States) was caught in France in 1939 whilst visiting his mother, when war was declared, and was forced to return to Nazi Germany.
Under the auspices of propaganda minister, Josef Goebbels, Pabst made two films in Germany, during this period; The Comedians (1941) and Paracelsus (1943). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._W._Pabst - 29 October 2020
After 1933, along with many others in the German film industry, Pabst refused to work under the Nazis, and sought work in Hollywood.
But he wasn't prepared to dilute his talent.
On his one Hollywood film, A Modern Hero, Warner Brothers complained that Pabst was giving his leading actress "too much freedom" and, unaware that the German director was one of the creators of "invisible editing" - where shots are edited in the director's head - the studio demanded that Pabst shoot more footage so they could re-edit his work and make the final cut.
For Pabst the experience was commercially and aesthetically disastrous, and perhaps affected his judgment when he crossed over from Switzerland into Nazi-occupied Austria in August 1939.
Later, Pabst explained his actions with a flurry of excuses:
he had tickets booked on the liner Normandy in his pocket;
he had to have a hernia operation in Vienna;
he had to dispose of family property and he had to take his mother with him to America.
Whatever his motives, Germany's invasion of Poland the following month meant that Pabst literally missed the boat.
After the war all his excuses were dismissed by the grande dame of German film, Lotte Eisner, who remembers telling Pabst "rather harshly" that "the man with the perfect alibi is always the guilty one".
During the war Pabst was ordered by Joseph Goebbels to make a couple of anodyne movies;
but after the war the director didn't help his cause by never making any statement of regret.
For his German followers, who were waiting for him in America and who knew him as "the red Pabst", this refusal was tantamount to an act of betrayal.
The accusations must have cut deep.
Pabst never gained his old momentum.
As Eisner said, "The films he shot after tha lacked the old strength. It was not the old Pabst - the strong man of the left wing."
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/jan/16/
G. W. Pabst, best known for his silent films starring Louise Brooks, was probably the most respected director to work for the Nazis.
No one knows exactly why this master of realism re-entered the Nazi dream factory in 1939, after spending most of the decade in the United States and France.
In the early 30's his signature had become films that spoke eloquently for pacifism and social justice.
"Paracelsus" (1943), one of two films Pabst made for the Nazis, contains many standard elements of Goebbels's favored type of propaganda: a historical story of a rebel Fuhrer-figure fighting intellectuals, foreigners and pestilence.
"Paracelsus" successfully combats the plague in medieval Basel after the disease has spread as a result of the deviousness and stupidity of Latin-speaking physicians.
Like most of the other great men captured in Nazi cinema, Paracelsus was a stand-in for Hitler.
In 1948, Pabst switched sides again and made "Der Prozess" ("The Trial"), one of the first postwar films to deal critically with anti-Semitism.
https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/06/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._W._Pabst
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/jan/16/
https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/11/
https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/06/
https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/25/
https://www.nytimes.com/1974/11/01/
https://www.nytimes.com/1956/04/12/
Baron Otto Gustav von Wächter
8 July 1901, Vienna, Austria-Hungary – 14 July 1949, Rome, Italy
Von Wächter, though indicted in 1945 for mass murder, is the man who escapes justice, the one who gets away.
(...)
a committed Nazi, a party member since 1923 who rose through the ranks as Hitler consolidated his power to be appointed governor of Kraków in 1939 and then of Galicia in 1942, directly accountable to Heinrich Himmler until the fall of the Nazi regime.
In 1945, wanted by the allies, Von Wächter evades capture, surviving as a fugitive for three years in the Austrian Alps before coming under the protection of a Vatican bishop, Alois Hudal.
Hiding in Rome, an anonymous tenant in the Vigna Pia monastery, Von Wächter waits for safe passage via the secret channels by which Nazi refugees were trafficked to Argentina along “the ratline”, a shadowy pathway out of Rome in a city now abuzz with Soviet and American spies.
Three months in, Von Wächter is taken ill under mysterious circumstances.
Two monks drop him off at the nearby Santo Spirito hospital, under a false identity.
Four days later, he’s dead.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/03/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/03/
https://www.ft.com/content/
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https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/index/sujet/
US “sand pounders” / Coast Guardsmen
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/03/
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