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Space > Galaxies
Milky
Way
Dragon’s lair – Daniel Thomas Gum | Mungo, NSW, Australia
‘This
is my favourite nightscape image to date.
Mungo
is a 12-hour drive away from my home in Sydney,
but
those Bortle 1 skies
are the best I’ve ever witnessed and photographed at night.
I had
perfect conditions for three straight nights,
with really good seeing
throughout.
The
moment I came upon this scene,
I
knew exactly what I wanted to the name the image.
It
was otherworldly – think Game of Thrones –
and
it lined up perfectly for how I wanted to capture it.
Large, jagged walls framed a winding path
leading to a centred spire to the
west.
There
was only ever going to be one way to do it justice
and
that was as a multi-layered Milky Way panorama.
I
planned this image using PhotoPills during the day,
but in post-processing,
I
decided to use the blue-hour blend for the foreground
with
a tracked sky for the cleanest possible image’
Photograph:
Daniel Thomas
Milky Way photographer of the year
Milky Way photographer of the year 2021 – in
pictures
The annual Milky Way photographer of the year
competition
features the best photos of our galaxy as
selected by Capture the Atlas.
This year’s images were taken from around the
world
by 25 photographers of 14 different
nationalities.
The best time to see and photograph the Milky Way
is usually between May and June
with maximum hours of visibility on both
hemispheres
G
Fri 28 May 2021 07.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2021/may/28/
milky-way-photographer-of-the-year-2021-in-pictures
Hubble Team Breaks Cosmic Distance Record
NASA 3 March 2016
Hubble Team Breaks Cosmic Distance Record
Video NASA 3 March 2016
This animation shows the location of galaxy GN-z11,
which is the farthest galaxy ever seen.
The video begins by locating the Big Dipper,
then showing the constellation Ursa Major.
It then zooms into the GOODS North field of galaxies,
and ends with a Hubble image of the young galaxy.
GN-z11 is shown as it existed 13.4 billion years in the past,
just 400 million years after the big bang,
when the universe was only three percent of its present age.
YouTube > NASA.gov Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgQdQx3V1HY
Related
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/04/
469200725/hubble-sees-a-galaxy-13-4-billion-years-in-the-past-
breaking-distance-record
A Galaxy Far, Far Away...Will Hit Ours
NYT 29 May
2014
A Galaxy Far, Far Away...Will Hit Ours
Video Out There | The New
York Times 29 May
2014
Recently,
Hubble Space Telescope measurements have confirmed
that the Milky Way will collide with a sibling galaxy
known as the Andromeda nebula
in about two billion years.
Produced by:
Dennis Overbye, Jason Drakeford and Jonathan Corum
YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d33nQn3T4f4
Related
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/28/
science/space/andromeda-and-the-milky-way-a-merger-of-galactic-proportions.html
Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 6217
This image of barred spiral galaxy NGC 6217
is the first image of a celestial object
taken with the newly repaired
Advanced
Camera for Surveys (ACS)
aboard the Hubble Space Telescope.
The camera was restored to operation
during the STS-125 servicing mission in May
to upgrade Hubble.
The barred spiral galaxy NGC 6217
was
photographed on June 13 and July 8, 2009,
as part of the initial testing and calibration of Hubble's ACS.
The galaxy lies 6 million light-years away
in the north circumpolar
constellation Ursa Major.
Credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team
Images from Refurbished Hubble
2009
http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/384940main_ero_teaser_ngc6217_full_full.jpg
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/multimedia/ero/index.html
Andromède, panier percé
vendredi 14 octobre 2005 - 16:05 Libération.fr
Des étoiles lumineuses et vieillissantes
et un arc en spirale au centre de la
galaxie,
c'est Andromède vue avec les yeux infra-rouges de Spitzer,
un télescope spatial de la Nasa
dont les images ont été montrées jeudi.
La plus
étudiée des galaxies
laisse apercevoir plusieurs éléments jamais observés.
Sur la vue obtenue par Spitzer,
l'anneau d'Andromède semble coupé en deux
morceaux
–en haut à gauche et en bas à droite.
Ces entailles asymétriques ont pu être provoquées
par des interactions avec les
galaxies voisines.
«Parfois,
des petites galaxies satellites peuvent pénétrer dans des plus
grandes»,
explique Karl Gordon (Université d'Arizona, Tucson),
responsable de
l'observation.
en bas à droite, «une petite galaxie
a percé un trou dans le disque d'Andromède,
comme un caillou perce la surface d'un étang.»
En outre,
on peut voir dans la moitié gauche de la galaxie
un anneau d'étoiles
en formation.
Située approximativement à 2,5 millions d'années-lumière,
Andromède est la
galaxie en spirale la plus proche,
et la seule visible à l'œil nu.
À la différence de la Voie Lactée,
que nous regardons de l'intérieur,
Andromède
est étudiée de l'extérieur.
http://www.libe.com/page.php?Article=313053&Template=GALERIE&Objet=47659
© REUTERS/NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona
Andromeda
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=d33nQn3T4f4 -
NYT - May 29, 2014
https://www.npr.org/2012/06/08/
154587994/what-happens-when-two-galaxies-collide
1 light year is the distance
light can travel in vacuum in one year’s time.
This distance is equivalent to roughly
9,461,000,000,000 km
or 5,878,000,000,000 miles.
This is such a large distance.
For comparison,
consider the circumference of the Earth
when measured at the equator: 40,075 km.
You can even throw in the center
to center distance between the Earth and the Moon,
384,403 km,
and that value would still pale
in comparison to 1 light year.
Pluto,
at its farthest orbit distance from the Sun,
is only about 7,400,000,000 km
from the center of our Solar
System.
Because of its great scale,
the light year is one of the units of distance
used for
astronomical objects.
For example, Andromeda Galaxy,
which is the nearest spiral galaxy
from the Milky Way,
is approximately 2.5 million light years away.
Alpha Centauri,
the nearest star system from our own Solar System
is only 4.37 light years away.
http://www.universetoday.com/39725/1-light-year/
https://www.universetoday.com/45003/
how-far-is-a-light-year/
spiral galaxy USA
https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/
webb-telescope-captures-stunning-images-
19-spiral-galaxies-2024-01-29/
protogalaxy USA
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/01/
science/astronomy-galaxies-black-hole.html
galaxy, galaxies UK / USA
2026
https://www.reuters.com/science/
milky-way-devoured-smaller-galaxy-
about-118-billion-years-ago-2026-08-18/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2026/jul/21/
milky-way-disc-flip-collision-dwarf-galaxy-astronomers
2025
https://www.reuters.com/science/
nearby-sculptor-galaxy-revealed-ultra-detailed-galactic-image-2025-06-18/
https://www.reuters.com/science/
two-galaxies-seen-joust-preceding-cosmic-mega-merger-2025-05-21/
https://www.npr.org/2025/03/03/
nx-s1-5316164/nasa-new-telescope-sphere-x-launch-tuesday
https://www.reuters.com/science/
webb-telescope-observes-violence-around-milky-ways-
central-black-hole-2025-02-18/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/feb/10/
euclid-telescope-captures-einstein-ring-revealing-warping-of-space
2024
https://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2024/dec/05/
colliding-galaxies-migratory-birds-photos-of-the-day-thursday
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/dec/05/
scientists-close-to-solving-mystery-of-
how-universes-giant-galaxies-formed
https://www.theguardian.com/science/article/2024/may/31/
james-webb-space-telescope-photographs-most-distant-known-galaxy
2023
https://www.npr.org/2023/09/18/
1198748542/why-the-earliest-galaxies-are-sparking-drama-and-controversy-
among-astronomers
https://www.npr.org/2023/02/22/
1158793897/webb-telescope-huge-early-galaxies-big-bang
2022
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/15/
magazine/extraterrestrials-technosignatures.html
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/aug/24/
james-webb-telescope-gives-a-stunning-look-at-galaxies-far-far-away
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jul/11/
nasa-james-webb-telescope-ancient-galaxy-images
2021
https://www.npr.org/2021/03/24/
980896706/stunning-new-image-of-black-hole-
reveals-surrounding-magnetic-fields
2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/
science/astronomy-galaxies-attractor-universe.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/
science/galaxy-early-universe-astronomy.html
2018
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/12/
577563812/researchers-spot-massive-black-hole-
in-double-burp
2017
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/03/
science/supernova-sn1987a-hubble-space-telescope.html
2016
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/14/
497965415/the-universe-has-almost-10-times-more-galaxies-than-we-thought
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/04/
469200725/hubble-sees-a-galaxy-13-4-billion-years-in-the-past-
breaking-distance-record
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/24/
467975762/in-a-far-off-galaxy-
a-clue-to-whats-causing-strange-bursts-of-radio-waves
2015
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/05/08/
405280915/at-13-billion-light-years-away-
galaxy-is-farthest-to-be-measured-from-earth
2014
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=d33nQn3T4f4 -
NYT - May 29, 2014
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/28/
science/space/
andromeda-and-the-milky-way-a-merger-of-galactic-proportions.html
2013
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/04/
planets-galaxy-life-kepler
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/oct/23/
most-distant-galaxy-star-factory
2012
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/jun/12/
oldest-galaxy-found-hawaii-telescope
https://www.npr.org/2012/06/08/
154587994/what-happens-when-two-galaxies-collide
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/01/11/
145043195/el-gordo-galaxy-with-mass-2-quadrillion-times-the-suns-
discovered
wayward galaxy UK
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2026/jul/21/
milky-way-disc-flip-collision-dwarf-galaxy-astronomers
devour
UK
https://www.reuters.com/science/
milky-way-devoured-smaller-galaxy-
about-118-billion-years-ago-2026-08-18/
merge
https://www.reuters.com/science/
two-galaxies-seen-joust-preceding-cosmic-mega-merger-2025-05-21/
ancient galaxies UK
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jul/11/
nasa-james-webb-telescope-ancient-galaxy-images
massive
galaxies USA
https://www.npr.org/2023/02/22/
1158793897/webb-telescope-huge-early-galaxies-big-bang
Sculptor galaxy -
also called NGC 253
The Sculptor galaxy
is similar in many respects
to our Milky Way.
It is about the same
size and mass,
with a similar spiral
structure.
https://www.reuters.com/science/
nearby-sculptor-galaxy-revealed-ultra-detailed-galactic-image-2025-06-18/
NGC 6505 galaxy
UK
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/feb/10/
euclid-telescope-captures-einstein-ring-revealing-warping-of-space
JADES-GS-z14-0
UK
https://www.theguardian.com/science/article/2024/may/31/
james-webb-space-telescope-photographs-
most-distant-known-galaxy
M51 galaxy, or "Whirlpool" galaxy
USA
https://www.npr.org/2021/10/26/
1049282754/nasa-new-planet-discovered-outside-milky-way-galaxy
M87 galaxy > black hole
USA
https://www.npr.org/2021/03/24/
980896706/stunning-new-image-of-black-hole-reveals-
surrounding-magnetic-fields
2261 galaxy > cluster > Abell 2261 > black hole
USA
It is about 2.7 billion light-years from here,
in the constellation Hercules in the northern sky,
not far from the prominent star Vega.
Using the standard rule of thumb,
the black hole missing
from the center of the 2261 galaxy
should be 10 billion solar masses or more,
comparable to the mightiest
of these monsters known to astronomers.
The black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy
is only about four million solar masses.
So where has nature stashed
the equivalent of 10 billion suns?
One possibility is
that the black hole is there but has gone silent,
having temporarily run out of anything to eat.
But another provocative possibility,
Dr. Lauer and his colleagues say,
is that the black hole was thrown out of the galaxy altogether.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/
science/astronomy-black-hole-abell.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/
science/astronomy-black-hole-abell.html
far-off galaxy USA
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/02/24/
467975762/in-a-far-off-galaxy-
a-clue-to-whats-causing-strange-bursts-of-radio-waves
develop
USA
https://www.npr.org/2025/03/03/
nx-s1-5316164/nasa-new-telescope-sphere-x-launch-tuesday
early universe / primordial cosmos > giant rotating disk galaxy
Wolfe Disk / ALMA J081740.86+135138.2
USA
On Wednesday,
radio astronomers using the mighty
Atacama Large Millimeter Array, or ALMA,
radio telescope in Chile announced
that they had discovered a cloud of gas
located on the distant shores of time.
It appears to be an infant galaxy
similar in size to its grown-up counterpart,
our own Milky Way,
and dates to a time when the universe
was only 1.5 billion years
old,
one-tenth its current age.
The galaxy,
known formally as ALMA J081740.86+135138.2,
after its coordinates in the sky,
is a giant, rotating wheel of gas, dust and faint starlight
— a so-called disk galaxy —
that extends 100,000 light-years
across the primordial sky.
It is at least as massive as 70 or 80 billion suns,
in the same weight class as the Milky Way.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/
science/galaxy-early-universe-astronomy.html
galaxy PKS 2014-55,
800 million light years from Earth USA
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/14/
science/black-hole-astronomy-meerkat.html
galaxy known as SDSS J1354+1327,
or colloquially as simply J1354
USA
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/12/
577563812/researchers-spot-massive-black-hole-in-double-burp
galaxy known as GN-z11
is the farthest galaxy ever seen from Earth,
at 13.4 billion years in the past
USA
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/04/
469200725/hubble-sees-a-galaxy-13-4-billion-years-in-the-past-breaking-distance-record
https://www.npr.org/2024/01/17/
1225153504/james-webb-telescope-detects-earliest-known-black-hole-
its-really-big-for-its-ag
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/04/
469200725/hubble-sees-a-galaxy-13-4-billion-years-in-the-past-breaking-distance-record
Galaxy EGS-zs8-1 UK /
USA
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/05/08/
405280915/at-13-billion-light-years-away-galaxy-is-farthest-to-be-measured-from-earth
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/may/07/
galaxy-egs-zs8-1-farthest-yet-seen-by-humans
the giant elliptical galaxy Centaurus A,
a relatively close
neighbour
of our galaxy, the Milky Way
UK
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/jun/16/
hubble-photograph-centaurus-a
Hyperactive Galaxies in the Early Universe
USA
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/news/
hyperactive_galaxies.html
cluster of galaxies USA
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2009/09/09/
science/0909HUBBLE_3.html
(an) Einstein ring (...) reveals
the extreme warping of space by a galaxy’s gravity
UK
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/feb/10/
euclid-telescope-captures-einstein-ring-revealing-warping-of-space
blazars USA
intensely bright galaxies
harboring a black hole at the center.
https://www.npr.org/2018/07/12/
628142995/a-4-billion-light-year-journey-ends-at-the-south-pole
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/jul/12/
neutrino-that-struck-antarctica-traced-to-galaxy-37bn-light-years-away
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/12/
science/space-neutrinos-blazar.html
https://www.npr.org/2018/07/12/
628142995/a-4-billion-light-year-journey-ends-at-the-south-pole
“Pillars of Creation”
captured in NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope’s near-infrared
view.
The pillars resemble arches and spires rising from a desert,
but are filled with semitransparent gas and dust.
Credit...NASA
Webb Telescope Captures New View of ‘Pillars of Creation’
The NASA space observatory’s infrared eye
finds out what’s going on within the cloudy cosmic nursery.
NYT
October 19, 2022
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/19/
science/webb-pillars-of-creation-image.html
galaxy > Milky Way
UK / USA
The Milky Way
is the galaxy that includes the Solar System,
with the name describing the galaxy's
appearance
from Earth:
a hazy band of light seen in the night sky
formed from stars that cannot be individually
distinguished by the naked eye.
- Wikipedia, 21 May 2024
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Milky_Way
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Milky_Way
2026
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2026/aug/19/
astronomers-detect-fastest-known-star-in-milky-way-s301
https://www.reuters.com/science/
milky-way-devoured-smaller-galaxy-
about-118-billion-years-ago-2026-08-18/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2026/jul/21/
milky-way-splendour-beluga-whales-and-larry-the-cat-
photos-of-the-day-tuesday
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2026/jul/21/
milky-way-disc-flip-collision-dwarf-galaxy-astronomers
https://www.reuters.com/science/
wind-milky-ways-supermassive-black-hole-
is-finally-discovered-2026-06-05/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2026/may/13/
milky-way-photographer-of-the-year-2026-
gallery-pictures
- Guardian picture gallery
2025
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2025/jun/01/
milky-way-photographer-of-the-year-2025-
in-pictures - Guardian picture gallery
https://www.reuters.com/science/
webb-telescope-observes-violence-around-milky-ways-
central-black-hole-2025-02-18/
2024
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2024/may/21/
milky-way-photographer-of-the-year-2024-
in-pictures - Guardian picture gallery
https://www.npr.org/2024/05/01/
1198909922/great-attractor-universe-laniakea-milky-way-galaxy
2023
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/nov/24/
amaterasu-extremely-high-energy-particle-detected-falling-to-earth
https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/
1185058476/milky-way-sending-neutrinos-ghost-particles
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2023/jun/03/
ethereal-beauty-milky-way-photographer-of-the-year-2023-
in-pictures - Guardian picture gallery
2022
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/19/
science/webb-pillars-of-creation-image.html
https://www.theguardian.com/science/gallery/2022/may/19/
milky-way-photographer-of-the-year-2022-
in-pictures - Guardian picture gallery
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/31/
science/milky-way.html
2021
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jun/11/
astronomers-find-blinking-giant-star-near-heart-of-milky-way
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2021/may/28/
milky-way-photographer-of-the-year-2021-
in-pictures - Guardian picture gallery
2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/
science/astronomy-galaxies-attractor-universe.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/
science/hubble-telescope-30th-birthday.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/01/
science/gaia-map-milky-way.html
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/14/
astronomers-milky-way
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/28/
science/space/andromeda-and-the-milky-way-
a-merger-of-galactic-proportions.html
https://www.nytimes.com/video/science/100000002906469/
colliding-galaxies.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/11/science/space/
the-archaeology-of-the-stars.html
https://www.npr.org/2012/06/08/
154587994/what-happens-when-two-galaxies-collide
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/nov/18/
wandering-star-planet-galaxy
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08772 - 4 March 2010
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/news/
hyperactive_galaxies.html -
08.05.09
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/may/14/
usa
supermassive black hole
at the center of the Milky Way galaxy >
Sagittarius A*, or Sgr A* for short.
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2026/aug/19/
astronomers-detect-fastest-known-star-in-milky-way-s301
https://www.reuters.com/science/
wind-milky-ways-supermassive-black-hole-
is-finally-discovered-2026-06-05/
https://www.reuters.com/science/
webb-telescope-observes-
violence-around-milky-ways-central-black-hole-2025-02-18/
galaxy > J0107a UK
Astronomers have observed a galaxy
dating to an earlier epoch in the universe's history
that surprisingly is shaped much like our Milky Way
- a spiral structure with a straight bar of stars
and gas running through its center -
but far more massive,
offering new insight into galactic formation.
The distant galaxy, called J0107a,
was observed as it appeared 11.1 billion years ago,
when the universe was about a fifth of its current age.
The researchers used data from the Chile-based
Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)
and NASA's James Webb Space Telescope
to study the galaxy.
https://www.reuters.com/science/
astronomers-spot-galaxy-shaped-like-milky-way-
is-far-more-massive-2025-05-23/
antennae galaxies UK
https://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2024/dec/05/
colliding-galaxies-migratory-birds-photos-of-the-day-thursday
colliding galaxies UK
https://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2024/dec/05/
colliding-galaxies-migratory-birds-photos-of-the-day-thursday
elliptical galaxies UK
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/dec/05/
scientists-close-to-solving-mystery-of-
how-universes-giant-galaxies-formed
https://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2024/dec/05/
colliding-galaxies-migratory-birds-photos-of-the-day-thursday
Local Void
- an empty area of space bordering the Milky Way galaxy
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/nov/24/
amaterasu-extremely-high-energy-particle-detected-falling-to-earth
on the outer edge of the Milky Way
on the fringes of the Milky Way
Pillars of Creation
USA
- towering mountains of gas and dust in the Eagle Nebula,
one of the most productive star factories in the Milky Way galaxy.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/19/
science/webb-pillars-of-creation-image.html
neutrinos
USA
Neutrinos are subatomic particles that have been compared
to "ghosts slipping through the night,"
because they're so insubstantial
and seem to barely interact
with the rest of the physical world.
The Earth is constantly being bombarded by neutrinos,
but most originate in the sun or in the atmosphere.
A decade ago,
a particle detector known
as the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
managed to find neutrinos
coming from outside our solar system.
https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/
1185058476/milky-way-sending-neutrinos-ghost-particles
South Pole Wall
The South Pole Wall, as it is known,
consists of thousands of galaxies
— beehives of trillions of stars and dark worlds,
as well as dust and gas —
aligned in a curtain arcing
across at least 700 million light-years of space.
It winds behind the dust, gas and stars
of our own galaxy, the Milky Way,
from the constellation Perseus
in the Northern Hemisphere
to the constellation Apus in the far south.
It is so massive
that it perturbs the local expansion of the universe.
But don’t bother trying to see it.
The entire conglomeration is behind the Milky Way,
in what astronomers quaintly call the zone of avoidance.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/
science/astronomy-galaxies-attractor-universe.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
South_Pole_Wall
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Zone_of_Avoidance
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/
science/astronomy-galaxies-attractor-universe.html
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