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History > WW2 > 1939-1945
Axis powers, Germany, Europe > Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era, Holocaust / Shoah, Samudaripen
1941-1944
mass shootings of Jews in Ukraine
Holocaust by bullets
Einsatzgruppen
warning: graphic / distressing
These pages contain extremely graphic scenes of human suffering.
Please exercise caution when viewing.
Photograph: Unknown author (Sometimes mistakenly attributed to Jerzy Tomaszewski who discovered it.)
Title: Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph (Q55424114)
Description: Executions of Jews by German army mobile killing units (Einsatzgruppen) near Ivangorod Ukraine.
The photo was mailed from the Eastern Front to Germany and intercepted at a Warsaw post office by a member of the Polish resistance collecting documentation on Nazi war crimes.
The original print was owned by Tadeusz Mazur and Jerzy Tomaszewski and now resides in Historical Archives in Warsaw.
The original German inscription on the back of the photograph reads, "Ukraine 1942, Jewish Action [operation], Ivangorod."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:
German guards and Ukrainian militia shooting a Jewish family in Miropol, Ukraine, in 1941.
In “The Ravine,” Wendy Lower investigates the figures in this photo, hoping to discover who, exactly, the Jewish victims were and to expose their killers.
Photograph: Security Services Archive
When Genocide Is Caught on Film NYT Feb. 16, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/16/
The Last Jew in Vinnitsa.
‘I think this image should be just as important as the image of the gate in Auschwitz,’ says the US-based German historian Jürgen Matthäus.
Photograph: Metropol
Historian uses AI to help identify Nazi in notorious Holocaust murder image Jürgen Matthäus has for years been investigating the killer – and is confident he has finally solved the mystery
t is one of the most chilling images of the Holocaust: a bespectacled Nazi soldier trains a pistol at the head of a resigned man kneeling in a suit before a pit full of corpses.
German troops encircle the scene.
The picture taken in today’s Ukraine was long known, mistakenly, as The Last Jew in Vinnitsa, and was for decades shrouded in mystery.
The US-based German historian Jürgen Matthäus has for years painstakingly assembled the puzzle pieces and, with the help of artificial intelligence, is confident he has identified the killer.
According to findings, he has now published in the respected academic periodical Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft (Journal of Historical Studies), the SS carried out the massacre on 28 July 1941, most likely in the early afternoon, in the citadel of Berdychiv.
The city was for centuries a thriving centre of Jewish life.
It is located 150km south-west of Kyiv and about 90km north of what is now known in English as Vinnytsia, which had long been considered falsely to be the site of the killings.
one of several mobile units deployed in the newly occupied Soviet Union, had been engaged in clearing the region of “Jews and partisans” days before a visit by Adolf Hitler.
Among them was Jakobus Onnen, a French, English and gym teacher born in 1906 in the German village of Tichelwarf, near the Dutch border. G Thu 2 Oct 2025 09.23 CEST Last modified on Thu 2 Oct 2025 14.22 CEST
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/02/
Cropped image
Title
Depicted people
probably Jakobus Onnen
Depicted place probably Berdychiv
Date 28 July 1941 probably
Medium black-and-white photography on paper
Wikipedia - November 10, 2025
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Alternate print / uncropped image
The alternative print allowed the identification of the shooter and the exact location where the picture was taken.
Note that buildings in the background are visible which are obscured in the original print.
A more complete version of the photo, which made it possible to identify the exact location where the picture was taken.
In the background, you can see buildings that are cropped out of the original print.
It was thanks to them that the actual location of the murder was found.
Original caption hand-written on reverse side in German Ende Juli 1941. Erschießung von Juden durch die SS in der Zitadelle Berditschew 28. Juli 1941
Description This is an alternate print of the iconic photograph The last Jew in Vinnitsa. It shows a Jewish man about to be shot dead by a member of Einsatzgruppe C, a paramilitary death squad of the Nazi SS, probably near the town of Berdychiv in Ukraine.
Title
Depicted people
probably Jakobus Onnen
Depicted place probably Berdychiv
Date 28 July 1941 probably
Medium black-and-white photography on paper
Wikipedia - November 10, 2025
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Ukraine
a third or more of the almost six million Jews killed in the Holocaust perished not in the industrial-scale murder of the camps, but in executions at what historians call killing sites:
thousands of villages, quarries, forests, wells, streets and homes that dot the map of Eastern Europe.
The vast numbers killed in what some have termed a “Holocaust by bullets” have slowly garnered greater attention in recent years as historians sift through often sketchy and incomplete records that became available after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
(...)
As the number of Holocaust survivors gradually declines, these documents or witness accounts — from Belarus, Ukraine, parts of Russia and the Baltic States — have illuminated a new picture of the Nazis’ methods.
Most of this slaughter occurred in Eastern Europe after the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, and it mixed with the increasing chaos of the war once the Germans failed to realize their ambition of subduing the Soviets in just eight to 12 weeks and faced the prospect of defeat.
“The further east the Wehrmacht went, the greater the killing,” Dieter Pohl, a professor of history at Klagenfurt University in Austria, said at a conference on the subject this month in Krakow, Poland.
The executions and unmarked mass graves became “an element of German rule in Eastern Europe.”
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/
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https://www.memorialdelashoah.org/upload/minisites/ukraine/en/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/02/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/25/
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/
1941
Germany
photographs of Jewish families being forced to leave their homes in Breslau, then a German city, now Wrocław in Poland, during the second world war
https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2024/jan/28/
On the instructions of the Gestapo, preparations for the first deportation started in Breslau early in November 1941.
Prior to that, Gestapo official Alfred Hampel had travelled to Berlin tasked with closely observing the course and implementation of deportations there and applying the same procedure in Breslau.
Together with his colleague Hermann Fey, he was primarily responsible for the implementation of the deportations in Breslau. In the early hours of 21.11.1941, police officers began to pick up about 1,000 people from their homes and take them to the “Schießwerder” restaurant and event venue with beer garden.
After spending four days in appalling conditions, the deportees were led to Odertor station on November 25, from where the special train “Da 30” took them to Kaunas.
On the very night of their arrival on 29.11.1941, they were forced to march six kilometers to fortress Fort IX, where they were shot by Einsatzkommando 3 of Einsatzgruppe A headed by Karl Jäger. https://atlas.lastseen.org/en/image/breslau/18
https://atlas.lastseen.org/en/image/breslau/18
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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/04/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2024/jan/28/
Ukraine
On Sept. 29 and 30, 1941, in a ravine just outside Kyiv called Babyn Yar (“Babi Yar” in Russian), Nazis executed nearly 34,000 Jews over the course of 36 hours.
It was the deadliest mass execution in what came to be known as the “Holocaust by Bullets.”
We were never supposed to know it happened.
In 1943, as the Nazis fled Kyiv, they ordered the bodies in Babyn Yar to be dug up and burned, to erase all memory of what they’d done.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/25/
(in the Holocaust Ground Zero documentary) Much use is made of photographs to bring home the effects of the decisions made by the German high command as the orders came that all Jewish men of military age should be disposed of and then, with appalling predictability, as the remit was widened to include women and children.
We see a picture of families walking through what had been an ordinary neighbourhood street, carrying those too old or enfeebled to walk towards the woods where they would all be killed.
Explosives were used to create craters big enough to hold all the bodies.
By the time of the Babyn Yar massacre, in which more than 33,700 Jewish people were murdered, SS commander Friedrich Jeckeln had invented “sardine packing; people would be forced to lie down in the mass grave head to tail and shot, layer by layer.”
Another photograph shows children slipping from a woman’s hands, gun smoke still lingering in the air.
Another shows a kneeling man staring into the camera as a member of Himmler’s Einsatzgruppen brings the gun to his head.
Behind him, an assortment of men – Hitler Youth members, marching band musicians, off-duty rank-and-file, watch with anything between mild interest and boredom.
https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/sep/04/
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https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/sep/04/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/25/
August 21–22, 1941
Ukraine
Bila Tserkva massacre
The Bila Tserkva massacre was the mass murder of Jews, committed by the Nazi German Einsatzgruppen with the aid of Ukrainian auxiliaries, in Bila Tserkva, Soviet Ukraine, on August 21–22, 1941.
When the Jewish adult population of Bila Tserkva was killed, several functionaries complained that some 90 Jewish children were left behind in an abandoned building, and had to be executed separately.
The soldiers reported the matter to four chaplains of the Heer, who passed along their protests to Field Marshal von Reichenau; it was the only time during World War I that Wehrmacht chaplains tried to prevent an Einsatzgruppen massacre, but Paul Blobel's verbal order was direct and decisive.
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August 1941 Lithuania
During the span of two days in late August 1941, nearly the entire Jewish community of Šeduva, Lithuania, was murdered.
In mass executions carried out by local collaborators under Nazi orders, 664 residents of the small town — known in Yiddish as a “shtetl” — were taken by truck to nearby forests and shot.
https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/
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https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/
Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century > WW2 (1939-1945)
Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era,
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