Vocapedia > Technology > Internet > Social media

Fake news

Hoaxes, Rumors, Conspiracy theories,

Lies, Propaganda,

Disinformation, Misinformation,

Influence attacks, Conspiracies

Rob Rogers

political cartoon

October 19, 2024

GoComics

https://www.gocomics.com/robrogers/2024/10/19

Jeff Stahler

political cartoon

GoComics

September 23, 2020

https://www.gocomics.com/jeffstahler/2020/09/23

Character: President Donald Trump

hoax, hoaxes        USA

https://www.npr.org/2021/05/13/
996570855/disinformation-
dozen-test-facebooks-twitters-ability-to-curb-vaccine-hoaxes

https://www.npr.org/2020/01/26/
799629262/new-podcast-targets-the-crap-on-whatsapp

Illustration: Stephen Savage

How Fiction Becomes Fact on Social Media

NYT

OCT. 20, 2017

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/20/
health/social-media-fake-news.html

Why the 5G coronavirus conspiracy theory is false

G    1 May 2020

Why the 5G coronavirus conspiracy theory is false

Video        G        1 May 2020

Conspiracy theories linking 5G technology to coronavirus

have resulted in dozens of phone masts across the UK

being vandalised in recent weeks.

Theories about the dangers of 5G had already been circulating,

despite regulators confirming

that the radiation levels of the new technology

are well within safe boundaries.

So how did the conspiracy incorrectly linking it to 5G start?

And is 5G really dangerous?

We explain why 5G has nothing to do with Covid-19

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f279f-Y-O-w

How to Fight Fake News on Vaccines

NYT    11 December 2019

How to Fight Fake News on Vaccines

Video        NYT Opinion        11 December 2019

We’ll need more than facts

to fight medical misinformation.

In 2019,

measles cases in the U.S. have been on the rise,

much of it driven by false claims

about the safety of the vaccine.

In the Video Op-Ed above,

a cancer researcher, David Robert Grimes,

confronts the rising trend of medical misinformation.

From herbal remedies for cancer

to vaccination horror stories,

fake medical news is spreading fast on social media.

The effects can be severe,

with anti-vaccination movements partly responsible

for the resurgence of measles and other preventable illnesses.

In 2015, an anti-vaccination campaign in Ireland

caused a sudden fall in the number of HPV vaccines administered,

given to young girls and boys to prevent cervical cancer.

Dr. Grimes tells the story of how,

with the help of a remarkable woman named Laura Brennan,

they were able to reverse the trend,

and what countries like the United States

can learn in their fight against medical misinformation.

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7Tc3eR4nH4

on social media        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/
us/politics/trump-allies-congress.html

social media posts        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/
us/politics/trump-allies-congress.html

truth        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jul/12/
how-technology-disrupted-the-truth

India > fake stories        USA

https://www.npr.org/2018/07/17/
629896525/how-the-spread-of-fake-stories-in-india-
has-led-to-violence

fake  news        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/11/
israel-hamas-fake-news-thrives-on-poorly-regulated-online-platforms

https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2020/mar/25/
going-viral-fake-news-and-covid-19

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/
nhs-plan-combat-coronavirus-fake-news

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/22/
facebook-fact-checking-tool-fake-news

fake social media accounts        USA

https://www.npr.org/2023/12/13/
1219080681/fake-social-media-accounts-
are-targeting-taiwans-presidential-election

 facial fakery        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/21/
science/artificial-intelligence-fake-people-faces.html

videos > deepfakes        USA

https://www.npr.org/2023/05/08/
1174132413/people-are-trying-to-claim-real-videos-are-deepfakes-
the-courts-are-not-amused

fiction        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/20/
health/social-media-fake-news.html

"crisis actor"        USA

https://www.npr.org/2023/11/27/
1214451419/civilian-deaths-are-being-dismissed-as-crisis-actors-in-gaza-and-israel

lie        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/feb/17/
web-blade-runner-lies-misinformation-internet

lie        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/
opinion/trump-lies-free-speech.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/
opinion/twitter-trump-scarborough.html

claim

claim        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/
opinion/sunday/coronavirus-fake-news.html

false online claims        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/jul/31/
how-false-online-claims-about-southport-knife-attack-spread-so-rapidly

debunked claims about N        USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/03/
942155653/facebook-bans-debunked-claims-about-covid-vaccines

make up        USA

https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/
606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-
internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era

social media > social-media fiction

fake news / misinformation, fake / misleading stories,

fake news stories, misleading content        UK

https://www.gocomics.com/robrogers/2024/10/19

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/jul/31/
how-false-online-claims-about-southport-knife-attack-spread-so-rapidly

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/feb/17/
web-blade-runner-lies-misinformation-internet

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/oct/24/
tiktok-election-misinformation-voting-politics

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/feb/08/
facebook-bans-vaccine-misinformation

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/feb/08/
fake-news-facts-facebook-twitter-fox-news-democracy

podcasts > before 2024

social media > social-media fiction

fake news / misinformation,

fake / misleading information / stories / narratives,

fake news stories, toxic information,

conspiracies, conspiracy theories        USA

2024

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/aug/07/
why-telegram-is-the-go-to-app-for-those-wanting-to-spread-toxic-information

https://www.npr.org/2024/06/25/
nx-s1-5013727/new-research-looks-
at-how-political-misinformation-is-targeted-at-latinos

https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2024/04/30/
1247565565/how-do-you-counter-misinformation-
critical-thinking-is-step-one

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/picture/2024/mar/20/
ben-jennings-on-conspiracy-theories-around-the-princess-of-wales-
cartoon

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/20/
where-is-katemiddleton-theories-kate-whereabouts-go-global

https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/20/
when-fame-and-medical-privacy-clash-
kate-and-other-crises-of-confidentiality

https://www.npr.org/2024/02/09/
1230010086/the-border-crisis-is-helping-
to-mainstream-a-dangerous-conspiracy-theory

2023

https://www.npr.org/2023/09/28/
1202110410/how-rumors-and-conspiracy-theories-got-
in-the-way-of-mauis-fire-recovery

2022

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/28/
technology/covid-misinformation-online.html

https://www.npr.org/2022/11/29/
1139822833/twitter-covid-misinformation-policy-not-enforced

https://www.propublica.org/article/
welton-chang-interview-right-wing-platforms - August 17, 2022

https://www.npr.org/2022/05/26/
1101479269/texas-uvalde-school-shooting-misinformation-conspiracy-far-right

2021

https://www.npr.org/2021/10/23/
1048746697/facebook-misinformation-india

https://www.npr.org/2021/10/15/
1046106922/social-media-misinformation-
stokes-a-worsening-civil-war-in-ethiopia

https://www.npr.org/2021/09/29/
1041493544/youtube-vaccine-misinformation-ban

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/
world/asia/misinformation-disinformation-fake-news.html

https://www.npr.org/2021/03/25/
980035707/lying-through-truth-misleading-facts-fuel-vaccine-misinformation

https://www.npr.org/2021/02/10/
965839888/twitters-birdwatch-aims-to-crowdsource-fight-against-misinformation

2020

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/14/
opinion/trump-voter-fraud-education.html

https://www.propublica.org/article/
trump-won-florida-
after-running-a-false-ad-tying-biden-to-venezuelan-socialists - Nov. 12, 2020

https://www.npr.org/2020/10/12/
923002012/facebook-bans-holocaust-denial-reversing-earlier-policy

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/
917725209/russia-doesn-t-have-to-make-fake-news-
biggest-election-threat-is-closer-to-home

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/
technology/trump-coronavirus-social-media.html

https://www.npr.org/2020/04/24/
843463707/sun-rays-disinfectants-and-false-hopes-
misinformation-litters-the-road-to-reopen

2019

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=y7Tc3eR4nH4 - NYT - 11 December 2019

https://www.npr.org/2019/10/29/
774541010/fake-news-is-scary-heres-how-to-spot-misinformation

2018

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/19/
opinion/facebook-twitter-journalism-misinformation.html

https://www.npr.org/2018/09/02/
643761979/president-trumps-description-of-whats-fake-is-expanding

https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/
606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era

2017

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/05/12/
526687362/fake-medical-news-can-now-be-fact-checked-in-india

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/10/29/
560461835/how-russian-propaganda-spreads-on-social-media

http://www.npr.org/2017/10/29/
560569373/are-social-media-sites-doing-enough-to-combat-rumors-and-false-news

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/07/14/
537154304/computer-scientists-demonstrate-the-potential-for-faking-video

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/04/03/
522503844/how-russian-twitter-bots-pumped-out-fake-news-during-the-2016-election

2017

http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2017/03/20/
520845007/the-earth-is-flat-check-wikipedia

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/01/25/
511641939/facebook-tweaks-its-trending-topics-algorithm-to-better-reflect-real-news

2016

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/25/us/
politics/fake-news-claims-conservatives-mainstream-media-.html

http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/12/22/
505432340/the-classroom-where-fake-news-fails

http://www.npr.org/2016/12/14/
505547295/fake-news-expert-on-how-false-stories-spread-and-why-people-believe-them

http://www.npr.org/2016/12/07/
504723649/what-legal-recourse-do-victims-of-fake-news-stories-have

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/07/
504676327/weather-channel-tells-breitbart-not-to-use-its-content-to-mislead-on-climate-cha

http://www.npr.org/2016/12/07/
504622630/megyn-kelly-on-trump-and-the-media-were-in-a-dangerous-phase-right-now

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/12/05/
503581220/fake-or-real-how-to-self-check-the-news-and-get-the-facts

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/dec/02/
fake-news-facebook-us-election-around-the-world

http://www.gocomics.com/brian-mcfadden/2016/11/29

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/
503129818/study-finds-
students-have-dismaying-inability-to-tell-fake-news-from-real

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/11/23/
503146770/npr-finds-the-head-of-a-covert-fake-news-operation-in-the-suburbs

http://www.npr.org/2016/11/20/
502770866/ex-head-of-twitter-news-
social-media-companies-alone-shouldn-t-regulate-fake-new

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/
opinion/sunday/facebook-and-the-digital-virus-called-fake-news.html

http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/19/
502692075/misinformation-on-facebook-zuckerberg-lists-ways-of-fighting-fake-news

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/18/
world/europe/obama-angela-merkel-donald-trump.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/18/
technology/fake-news-on-facebook-in-foreign-elections-thats-not-new.html

conspiracy theory movement        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/politics/audio/2024/dec/13/
revisited-
did-the-assassination-of-jfk-kickstart-the-conspiracy-theory-movement
- Guardian podcast

 myths and misleading narratives        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/28/
technology/covid-misinformation-online.html

misinformation policy        USA

https://www.npr.org/2022/11/29/
1139822833/twitter-covid-misinformation-policy-not-enforced

content moderators        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/28/
technology/covid-misinformation-online.html

conspiracy theorists        USA

https://www.propublica.org/article/
welton-chang-interview-right-wing-platforms - August 17, 2022

conspiracy theorist > Alex Jones        USA

https://www.npr.org/2023/12/10/
1218431610/elon-musk-restores-x-account-of-conspiracy-theorist-alex-jones

fringe conspiracy theories        USA

https://www.npr.org/2023/04/25/
1171800317/how-tucker-carlsons-extremist-narratives-
shaped-fox-news-and-conservative-politi

India > fake medical news        USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/05/12/
526687362/fake-medical-news-can-now-be-fact-checked-in-india

false claims        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/10/
tech-giants-struggle-stem-infodemic-false-coronavirus-claims

false claims        USA

https://www.npr.org/2020/08/13/
901915537/top-facebook-official-
our-aim-is-to-make-lying-on-the-platform-more-difficult

falsehoods        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/
technology/plandemic-movie-youtube-facebook-coronavirus.html

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=y7Tc3eR4nH4
video - NYT - 11 December 2019

false information        USA

https://www.propublica.org/article/
trump-won-florida-
after-running-a-false-ad-tying-biden-to-venezuelan-socialists - Nov. 12, 2020

false tweets        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/26/
us/politics/klausutis-letter-jack-dorsey.html

fallacies        USA

https://www.npr.org/2021/03/25/
980035707/lying-through-truth-misleading-facts-fuel-vaccine-misinformation

misleading, disputed or unverified tweets

about the coronavirus        USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/11/
853886052/twitter-to-label-potentially-harmful-coronavirus-tweets

spread        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/28/
technology/covid-misinformation-online.html

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/10/29/
560461835/how-russian-propaganda-spreads-on-social-media

spread false claims        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/jul/31/
southport-riot-british-politics-far-right-social-media

spread        USA

https://www.npr.org/2018/07/17/
629896525/how-the-spread-of-fake-stories-in-india-has-led-to-violence

Synthesizing Obama:

Learning Lip Sync from Audio

11 July 2017

Synthesizing Obama: Learning Lip Sync from Audio

Video        Supasorn Suwajanakorn        11 July 2017

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Yq67CjDqvw

live video > Facebook, YouTube        USA

https://www.npr.org/2020/11/10/
933235773/from-steve-bannon-to-millennial-millie-facebook-youtube-struggle-with-live-video

fake news videos        USA

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/07/14/
537154304/computer-scientists-demonstrate-the-potential-for-faking-video

Facebook > real news        USA

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/01/25/
511641939/facebook-tweaks-its-trending-topics-algorithm-to-better-reflect-real-news

Twitter > "rogue" accounts        USA

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/01/27/
512007632/its-not-just-the-park-service-rogue-federal-twitter-accounts-multiply

a widely circulated blog post

about the coronavirus        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/
opinion/sunday/coronavirus-fake-news.html

fabricated facts        USA

http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2017/05/03/
526685311/is-do-it-yourself-fact-checking-the-future

false information        USA

http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2017/05/01/
526363506/can-repeating-false-information-help-people-remember-true-information

debunk        USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/03/
942155653/facebook-bans-debunked-claims-about-covid-vaccines

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/
opinion/sunday/coronavirus-fake-news.html

false stories        USA

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/03/
909118036/facebook-sets-new-policies-
to-prevent-efforts-to-undermine-2020-elections

https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2018/03/12/
592885660/can-you-believe-it-
on-twitter-false-stories-are-shared-more-widely-than-true-one

spread false stories        USA

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/03/
909118036/facebook-sets-new-policies-to-prevent-efforts-
to-undermine-2020-elections

beliefs        USA

https://www.gocomics.com/doonesbury/2024/03/24

online misinformation        USA

2021

https://www.npr.org/2021/09/29/
1041493544/youtube-vaccine-misinformation-ban

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/07/15/
1016013826/the-u-s-surgeon-general-is-calling-covid-19-misinformation-an-urgent-threat

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/05/12/
993615185/for-some-anti-vaccine-advocates-misinformation-is-part-of-a-business

https://www.npr.org/2021/03/25/
981203566/5-takeaways-from-big-techs-misinformation-hearing

https://www.npr.org/2021/03/25/
980035707/lying-through-truth-misleading-facts-fuel-vaccine-misinformation

https://www.npr.org/2021/01/19/
958189841/ken-burns-says-u-s-has-3-viruses-covid-19-white-supremacy-and-misinformation

2020

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/14/
opinion/trump-voter-fraud-education.html

https://www.npr.org/2020/12/10/
944408988/the-perfect-storm-
how-coronavirus-spread-vaccine-misinformation-to-the-mainstrea

https://www.propublica.org/article/
trump-won-florida-
after-running-a-false-ad-tying-biden-to-venezuelan-socialists - Nov. 12, 2020

https://www.npr.org/2020/11/10/
933235773/from-steve-bannon-to-millennial-millie-
facebook-youtube-struggle-with-live-video

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/
opinion/truth-media-teach-young.html

https://www.gocomics.com/jeffstahler/2020/09/23

https://www.npr.org/2020/10/12/
923002012/facebook-bans-holocaust-denial-reversing-earlier-policy

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/
917725209/russia-doesn-t-have-to-make-fake-news-
biggest-election-threat-is-closer-to-home

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/22/
technology/this-misinformation-was-coming-from-inside-the-house.html

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/15/
913126669/facebook-vp-nick-clegg-on-new-climate-change-information-hub

2019

https://www.npr.org/2019/10/29/
774541010/fake-news-is-scary-heres-how-to-spot-misinformation

https://www.npr.org/2019/03/07/
701358833/facebook-vows-to-quash-anti-vaccine-misinformation

2017

http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2017/05/01/
526363506/can-repeating-false-information-help-people-remember-true-information

medical misinformation        USA

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=y7Tc3eR4nH4 - NYT - 11 December 2019

spread misinformation about N        USA

http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/10/03/
555320532/facebook-google-spread-misinformation-about-las-vegas-shooting-
what-went-wrong

The New York Times > Daily Distortions        USA

Tracking Viral Misinformation

Every day,

Times reporters will chronicle and debunk

false and misleading information

that is going viral online.

https://www.nytimes.com/live/2020/
2020-election-misinformation-distortions

WhatsApp

user base of 2 billion people

https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2021/jan/29/
whats-up-with-whatsapp-why-millions-users-shifting-new-platforms-podcast

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/
whatsapp

https://www.npr.org/2020/10/24/
927487143/a-bilingual-tool-that-fights-misinformation-on-whatsapp

https://www.npr.org/2020/01/26/
799629262/new-podcast-targets-the-crap-on-whatsapp

https://www.npr.org/2019/01/22/
687439015/whatsapp-tries-to-curb-spread-of-misinformation-
by-limiting-message-forwarding

https://www.npr.org/2018/07/18/
629731693/fake-news-turns-deadly-in-india

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/05/12/
526687362/fake-medical-news-can-now-be-fact-checked-in-india

viral WhatsApp messages        UK

https://www.npr.org/2018/07/18/
629731693/fake-news-turns-deadly-in-india

politics and technology        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/
politics

propaganda        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/mar/05/
telegram-app-ukraine-rides-high-thirst-trustworthy-news

USA > propaganda        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/07/
donald-trump-facebook-social-media-capitol-attack

online propaganda        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/
technology/israel-hamas-information-war.html

disinformation online, dinsinformation        UK

https://www.theguardian.com/world/series/
disinfo-black-ops

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/apr/08/
time-is-running-out-
can-a-future-of-undetectable-deepfakes-be-avoided

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/feb/17/
the-guardian-view-on-disinformation-online-a-21st-century-growth-industry

How Online Trolls Divide Americans IRL

NYT    22 August 2018

How Online Trolls Divide Americans IRL

Video        NYT News        22 August 2018

We know that trolls on social media

are trying to sow discord on contentious subjects

like race, guns and abortion,

but how do they do it?

Here is a visual guide to their strategy.

YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CbHeXnxV_A

disinformation        USA

https://www.npr.org/series/973275370/
untangling-disinformation

2023

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/
technology/israel-hamas-information-war.html

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/oct/15/
tiktok-says-it-has-acted-to-curb-disinformation-amid-israel-hamas-war

https://www.npr.org/2023/08/01/
1191318468/elon-musk-sues-disinformation-researchers-
claiming-they-are-driving-away-adverti

https://www.npr.org/2023/07/05/
1186108696/social-media-us-judge-ruling-disinformation

2022

https://www.propublica.org/article/
google-alphabet-ads-fund-disinformation-covid-elections - October 29, 2022

https://www.npr.org/2022/02/28/
1083401220/facebook-uncovers-
disinformation-and-hacking-campaigns-targeting-ukraine

2021

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/jul/17/
theyre-killing-people-biden-slams-facebook-for-covid-misinformation

https://www.npr.org/2021/07/13/
1015483097/an-ugly-truth-
how-facebook-enables-hate-and-disinformation

https://www.npr.org/2021/04/25/
988860971/full-of-hatred-and-fear-
disinformation-on-youtube-divided-a-dad-and-daughter

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/
us/politics/trump-allies-congress.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/
opinion/protests-trump-disinformation.html

2020

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/14/
opinion/republicans-reagan-disinformation.html

https://www.npr.org/2020/10/30/
929248146/black-and-latino-voters-flooded-with-disinformation-
in-elections-final-days

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/13/
magazine/free-speech.html

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/29/
917725209/russia-doesn-t-have-to-make-fake-news-
biggest-election-threat-is-closer-to-home

https://www.npr.org/2020/08/13/
901915537/top-facebook-official-
our-aim-is-to-make-lying-on-the-platform-more-difficult

https://www.npr.org/2020/06/16/
878169027/study-exposes-russia-disinformation-campaign-
that-operated-in-the-shadows-for-6-

https://www.npr.org/2020/06/01/
867137863/none-of-this-is-true-
protests-become-fertile-ground-for-online-disinformation

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/
us/politics/coronavirus-china-disinformation.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/13/
science/putin-russia-disinformation-health-coronavirus.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/
us/politics/china-russia-coronavirus-disinformation.html

https://www.npr.org/2020/03/04/
811686225/twitter-vows-that-
as-disinformation-tactics-change-its-policies-will-keep-pace

2019

https://www.npr.org/2019/02/18/
695729829/facebook-has-been-behaving-like-digital-gangsters-
u-k-parliament-report-says

2018

https://www.npr.org/2018/12/17/
677390345/new-reports-detail-expansive-russia-disinformation-scheme-targeting-u-s

https://www.npr.org/2018/10/23/
659545242/heres-how-russia-runs-its-disinformation-effort-against-the-2018-midterms

https://www.npr.org/2018/10/22/
658648856/facebook-exploited-by-influence-campaigns-tries-to-clamp-down-with-war-room

https://www.npr.org/2018/10/04/
653454568/most-twitter-accounts-linked-to-2016-disinformation-are-still-active-
report-find

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=4CbHeXnxV_A - NYT - 22 August 2018

https://www.npr.org/2018/08/21/
640696857/facebook-shuts-down-652-iranian-backed-and-some-russian-backed-accounts

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/19/
opinion/facebook-cambridge-analytica.html

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/19/
technology/facebook-alex-stamos.html

Google’s ad business > disinformation        USA

https://www.propublica.org/article/
google-alphabet-ads-fund-disinformation-covid-elections - October 29, 2022

spread disinformation        USA

https://www.npr.org/2019/02/18/
695729829/facebook-has-been-behaving-like-digital-gangsters-
u-k-parliament-report-says

combat / fight disinformation on social media        USA

https://www.npr.org/2023/07/05/
1186108696/social-media-us-judge-ruling-disinformation

distort reality        USA

https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2023/feb/15/
team-jorge-unmasked-the-secret-disinformation-team-who-distort-reality-
video - Guardian video

Disinfo black ops        UK

A special investigation

exposing the companies and states

behind global disinformation

https://www.theguardian.com/world/series/
disinfo-black-ops

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/15/
aims-software-avatars-team-jorge-disinformation-fake-profiles

https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2023/feb/15/
team-jorge-unmasked-the-secret-disinformation-team-who-distort-reality-
video - Guardian video

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/15/
disinfo-black-ops-exposing-the-companies-and-states-
spreading-false-information

the web’s most prolific purveyors of false information

in Europe, Latin America and Africa        USA

https://www.propublica.org/article/
google-alphabet-ads-fund-disinformation-covid-elections - October 29, 2022

deception campaigns        USA

https://www.npr.org/2020/08/13/
901915537/top-facebook-official-
our-aim-is-to-make-lying-on-the-platform-more-difficult

storyline        USA

https://www.npr.org/2020/06/01/
867137863/none-of-this-is-true-
protests-become-fertile-ground-for-online-disinformation

multiple conflicting narratives        USA

https://www.npr.org/2020/06/01/
867137863/none-of-this-is-true-
protests-become-fertile-ground-for-online-disinformation

debunking        USA

https://www.npr.org/2020/06/01/
867137863/none-of-this-is-true-
protests-become-fertile-ground-for-online-disinformation

rumors        USA

https://www.npr.org/2023/09/28/
1202110410/how-rumors-and-conspiracy-theories-got-in-the-way-of-mauis-fire-recovery

viral rumors        USA

https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/
915676948/can-circuit-breakers-stop-viral-rumors-on-facebook-twitter

online social media influence operations        USA

https://www.npr.org/2023/11/30/
1215898523/meta-warns-
china-online-social-media-influence-operations-facebook-elections

influence operation

spanning Facebook, TikTok and YouTube        USA

https://www.npr.org/2023/12/13/
1219080681/fake-social-media-accounts-
are-targeting-taiwans-presidential-election

influence attacks        USA

http://www.npr.org/2017/09/28/
554024047/as-scrutiny-of-social-networks-grows-
influence-attacks-continue-in-real-time

right-wing activists / influencers        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/20/
us/politics/migrants-darien-gap-biden-trump.html

trolling        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/21/
opinion/russian-hacking-trolls-election.html

true information        USA

https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2017/05/01/
526363506/can-repeating-false-information-
help-people-remember-true-information 

quality information        USA

https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/
606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-
internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era

factual accuracy        USA

https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/
606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-
internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era

inaccuracies        USA

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/26/
technology/twitter-trump-mail-in-ballots.html

check        USA

https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/
606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-
internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era

social media

A.I.-generated images

A.I.-generated audio > voices

technology

beliefs, emotions, feelings, mindset, mood

media, press, newspapers,

radio, podcasting, TV,

journalism, photojournalism,

journalist safety,

free speech, free press,

fake news,

misinformation,

disinformation,

cartoons, advertising

social media >

global warming, climate change >

denial, scepticism,

climate disinformation

journalism, press, media > fake news,

false information,

disinformation, misinformation,

conspiracy theories

journalism > TV > USA > Fox News

1791 > USA > U.S. Constitution >

First Amendment / Free Speech

Internet freedom, censorship

war > propaganda

countries > Russia