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Vocapedia > Arts > Photography > Invention of photography
The Wet Plate Collodion Process Video 21 October 2012
Honza Hronek photographer in Paris
YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKtE_j9jmtk
A Brief History of Photography: Innovations in Chemistry Bytesize Science 14 November 2012
A Brief History of Photography: Innovations in Chemistry Bytesize Science Video 14 November 2012
The history of photography is rich with chemical innovations and insights, producing hundreds of different processes to develop images in unique and often beautiful ways.
But these historical images can be difficult to conserve, especially since each type of photograph requires a different preservation technique.
While two photos could look very similar, they may differ chemically in dramatic ways.
This is where photo conservation scientists like Art Kaplan at the Getty Conservation Institute come into the picture.
Art spends his days studying different styles of photographs, their materials and the chemistry that gave life to still life in the early days of photography.
His office is loaded with drawers of photographic samples, scientific instruments and a clear passion for frozen history.
In our latest video, Art explains the developmental processes of several types of photographs including daguerreotypes, ambrotypes and tintypes.
YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mh42xZQL6-k
as The Beggar Maid (circa 1859), a Albumen silver print from a glass negative by Lewis Carroll.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Met Museum Acquires Gilman Trove of Photos New York Times, Randy Kennedy, Published: March 17, 2005 http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/17/arts/design/17gilm.html
black and white film photography chemistry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZo1_hO5i-s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EnhICjXGho
chronophotograph USA
https://archive.nytimes.com/lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/07/12/
The First Photograph is a one-of-a-kind permanent positive-image process, secured upon the surface of a pewter plate in 1826 USA
heliograph
Unveiling the new wetplate camera from Black Art Woodcraft.
A modern modification of an authentic mid-19th century camera, with a variety of plate sizes up to 8x10.
The entire process from first contact to a finished, delivered camera took seven months, but the wait was entirely worth it.
Check it out and see for yourself! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_PiyIAsCHM
http://www.blackartwoodcraft.com/wet-plate-cameras/Price-List.aspx - broken link
Invented in 1851, the wet collodion photographic process produced a glass negative and a beautifully detailed print.
Preferred for the quality of the prints and the ease with which they could be reproduced, the new method thrived from the 1850s until about 1880.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiAhPIUno1o
making glass plate negs > wet plate (collodion) / dry plate
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6c7RT7BsIbc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKtE_j9jmtk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE5_vyqSTXs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78tfSJhoTQA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gyf8fQOdvDs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JODnXqKaYbQ
plate holder
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiAhPIUno1o
1890 in glorious colour: the magic of photochromes – in pictures UK
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2016/jul/04/
stereo-view camera > stereograph UK
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/oct/31/
the dawn of photography USA
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/17/
A new dawn: 19th-century photography awakens – in pictures UK
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2016/jun/07/
During their earliest period, the first photographs were one-off, singular, direct positive images (...).
William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877), one of photography’s foremost proponents, was the first to realise the importance of the negative as part of a two-stage, image-making process, whereby multiple positives could be made from a single negative.
By placing a sheet of paper coated with light-sensitive silver salts in a camera and exposing it to light, Talbot produced, by further development and fixing of the latent camera image, a negative (calotype) of his subject.
The negative, when placed in contact with a similarly sensitized paper and further exposed to light, inverted the values of the negative to produce the positive print. http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/spring-2012-issue-60/positive-negative/
http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/
wet-plate collodion process
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.youtube.com/
Wet-plate was first detailed by Frederick Scott Archer in 1851, less than three decades after the dawn of photography, and was known ominously as the "black art", partly on account of the potential perils - death from cyanide explosions and blinding from silver among them.
While Brady's revelatory civil war images documented the faces and realities of conflict, Carleton Watkins and Eadweard Muybridge produced stunning images of Yosemite National Park by lugging mammoth wet-plate cameras high into the mountains, and Julia Margaret Cameron created ethereal shots which promoted photography as an art form.
Production died swiftly, however, as the insatiable desire for photographic innovation saw the emergence of dry-plate technology and collodion emulsion, followed by handheld cameras and film.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/photography-blog/2013/jul/22/
calotype UK
a salted print from a paper negative
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/oct/31/
Nicéphore Niépce 1765-1833
The first photograph 1827
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.telerama.fr/scenes
https://journals.openedition.org/etudesphotographiques/92
gelatin silver
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Q9ow8pIa6g
Cool Science: Silver Chloride Photochemistry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e0-AbwBDYM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EnhICjXGho
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyIhbNtCHpY
collodion positive process / ambrotype
Collodion positives first appeared in about 1853.
By the 1860s the process had largely disappeared from high street studios, but it remained popular with itinerant open-air photographers until the 1880s, because portraits could be made in a few minutes while sitters waited.
The collodion positive process, which was based on the collodion negative process invented by Frederick Scott Archer, reversed a negative image by bleaching the silver salts.
The dark areas which would normally form the highlights in a printed image turned pale, and the clear areas which would form the shadows in the print appeared to be dark.
When presented against a black background, the dark areas of the original negative, which had been bleached with nitric acid or bichloride of mercury, appeared as highlights.
The black backing, visible through the clear areas of the plate that originally formed the highlights, appeared as shadows.
Although the so-called collodion positive was in fact a negative, the emulsions were too thin to make satisfactory prints on paper.
When the collodion positive was held to the light without the backing material, the image still looked like a negative, though paler than the standard required to make a satisfactory positive print.
http://blog.nationalmediamuseum.org.uk/2013/04/24/ https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/lilj/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/oct/31/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/16/
https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/
cyanotype
Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print.
Engineers used the process well into the 20th century as a simple and low-cost process to produce copies of drawings, referred to as blueprints.
The process uses two chemicals: ferric ammonium citrate and potassium ferricyanide. - 30 September 2020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Mathew Brady the most famous photographer in the United States > Civil War 1861-1865
“Whatizzit Wagons,” or Whatsits - mobile darkrooms (which) were an early predecessor of the news-gathering vehicle
https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/
wet plate > Sally Mann
Ed Drew's Afghanistan: the first wet-plate conflict photos in 150 years UK
US military gunner Ed Drew used methods from the early days of photography to create striking portraits that recall images from the American civil war.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/photography-blog/2013/jul/22/
glass plate photography USA
https://www.archives.gov/preservation/storage/
https://www.archives.gov/preservation/holdings-maintenance/
https://library.syracuse.edu/special-collections-research-center/university-archives/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2015/may/01/
Glass Plate Negatives: A Brief History
Glass plate negatives comprise two formats: collodion wet plate negatives and gelatin dry plate negatives.
Both types have a light sensitive emulsion with a binder thinly layered on one side of a glass plate.
Frederick Scott Archer, a British inventor and photographer, made the first collodion wet plate negative in 1851.
In order to prepare a negative, a photographer coated a clean sheet of glass with collodion, a liquid with ingredients that included cellulose nitrate and ether.
Then the plate was quickly put into a silver nitrate bath in order to sensitize it to light and placed in the camera, where the negative was exposed.
The photographer had to develop it very quickly after exposure.
Because it was necessary to prepare, expose and develop a negative while it was still wet, this process of making photographs was complicated, inconvenient, and not very portable.
Richard Leach Maddox, a British physician and photographer, produced the first practical dry glass plate negative in 1871.
In his much more convenient process, the glass plate was coated with gelatin and sensitized with silver salts.
The negative did not need to be developed immediately after exposure.
Maddox's method was so well-received that dry plates replaced wet.
Within ten years they were produced in factories and became widely available, especially for amateur photographers.
One no longer had to be skilled in mixing potentially dangerous chemicals and could store undeveloped images for long periods of time.
Gelatin dry plate negatives were widely used into the 1920s.
By then gelatin sliver paper negatives and celluloid roll film had become popular. http://archives.syr.edu/exhibits/glassplate_about.html - broken link
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
hand-coloured glass slide UK
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/mar/28/
printing glass plates
https://www.shutterbug.com/content/
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