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History > WW2 > 1939-1945
Axis powers, Germany, Europe > Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era, Holocaust / Shoah, Samudaripen
Poland
Auschwitz I
Auschwitz II Birkenau
Auschwitz III Monowitz
warning: distressing content
Ginette Kolinka Video FRANCE 2 ONPC 1er juin 2019
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TafBeJWOqYA
Escaping Auschwitz: I Have a Message for You NYT 3 August 2018
Escaping Auschwitz: I Have a Message for You Video The New York Times 3 August 2018
This week’s Op-Doc is Matan Rochlitz’s powerful film “I Have a Message for You,” about a woman’s extraordinary journey of survival and redemption.
It’s a remarkable piece, both for the creativity of its visual approach and for its unusual combination of tragedy, beauty and catharsis.
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kd6N0cV08Do
Could Holograms Let Our Experiences Live On? NYT 8 July 2018
Could Holograms Let Our Experiences Live On? Video Op-Docs The New York Times 8 July 2018
The sharing of personal experiences by Holocaust survivors has been an important act of collective memory, and a warning against the dangers of prejudice and hatred.
But more than six decades after the end of World War II, the population of Holocaust survivors is diminishing quickly.
In “116 Cameras,” director Davina Pardo introduces us to Eva Schloss, a holocaust survivor who, having told shared her experience for more than thirty years, takes part in an innovative new attempt to preserve survivors’ stories in holographic form for future generations.
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-E70bul6Fo
Auschwitz survivor: 'Beware of hate' BBC News 23 June 2018
Auschwitz survivor: 'Beware of hate' Video BBC News 23 June 2018
Max Eisen arrived at the Nazi death camp aged 15 in 1944.
Every year he returns to speak to people about his experience.
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCUV8bUuOPg
Témoignage : Marceline Loridan-Ivens, la petite prairie aux bouleaux 15 September 2016
Témoignage : Marceline Loridan-Ivens, la petite prairie aux bouleaux Video Mémorial de la Shoah 15 September 2016
Déportée en 1944 à Birkenau, Marceline Loridan-Ivens s'est "libérée" par la pellicule.
En 2003, elle réalise La Petite Prairie aux bouleaux (traduction du polonais Brezinka, Birkenau en allemand), film qu'elle a "porté pendant 40 ans".
Témoignage recueilli en 2004 par le Mémorial de la Shoah et la Mairie de Paris.
Biographie : Marceline Rosenberg est née en mars 1928 à Epinal, de parents juifs polonais, émigrés en 1919, qui ont eu cinq enfants.
Elevée à la dure dans les Vosges, elle a 11 ans en 1939.
Engagée très tôt dans la Résistance, sa famille fuit vers Vichy puis achète une maison à Bollène (Vaucluse).
Le maire et le commissaire de police protègent les Rosenberg jusqu'à ce que la Gestapo passe outre pour arrêter Marceline et son père.
Emprisonnés à Avignon puis Marseille, tous deux sont transférés à Drancy et déportés à Auschwitz-Birkenau en mars 1944.
Sans le savoir, une amie de Marceline l'entraîne sur la voie de la survie, tandis que les nazis condamnent son père.
Lorsque Marceline revit sa descente aux enfers devant la caméra, des souvenirs longtemps enfouis ressurgissent encore.
Les fosses communes qu'elle doit creuser pour les Hongrois assassinés.
Les sélections devant Mengele, où Marceline se pince les joues "pour paraître moins blanche" et dissimule ses blessures.
La "folie de la faim et de la soif", le paludisme, la révolte du Sonderkommando, puis Bergen-Belsen, les usines, les épluchures de patates qu'un civil allemand lui réserve, les coups pour s'être cachée, la dernière déportation vers l'horreur de Terezin (Tchécoslovaquie), ghetto libéré par les Russes.
Marceline revient à Paris en août 1945, couverte de poux et de gale.
Sur le quai de la gare de Bollène, son oncle lui assène : "Ne raconte rien, ils ne peuvent pas comprendre."
Sa mère et ses plus jeunes frères et sœurs étaient restés cachés dans le Vaucluse.
L'épouse du cinéaste néerlandais Joris Ivens a fini par témoigner, rouvrant cette blessure, parmi d'autres : "Je n'ai pas ramené le père."
En 2003, elle a réalisé La Petite Prairie aux bouleaux (traduction du polonais Brezinka, Birkenau en allemand), film qu'elle a "porté pendant quarante ans".
Anouck Aimée y tient le rôle principal.
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvXogxTVIrU
Branko: Return to Auschwitz NYT 15 April 2013
Branko: Return to Auschwitz Video Op-Docs The New York Times 15 April 2013
Branko Lustig, a Holocaust survivor and Oscar-winning producer of "Schindler's List," returns to Auschwitz for the bar mitzvah he couldn't have in his youth.
Related article: http://nyti.ms/ZW3GiB Watch more videos at: http://nytimes.com/video
YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYDept6yhFU
Carte / map : "Principaux itinéraires des convois de déportation à destination d'Auschwitz" Mémorial de la Shoah http://www.enseigner-histoire-shoah.org/outils-et-ressources/chronologie-et-cartes/cartes.html added 18 July 2013
More than a million prisoners, mostly Jews, died at Auschwitz during the Holocaust.
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/20/
Lívia Engelman 1923-2024
Lily Engelman, second from right, with some of her siblings in 1943.
With her, from left, were Piri, Berta, Imi and Rene.
Lily Ebert, Holocaust Survivor, Author and TikTok Star, Dies at 100 She survived Auschwitz, wrote a best-selling memoir, “Lily’s Promise,” and spoke to a following of 2 million fans on TikTok. NYT Oct. 9, 2024 Updated 1:00 p.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/09/
In July 1944, when Lily Ebert was 20 years old, she and most of her family were packed onto a train and sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where on arrival she watched as her mother and two of her siblings were led to a gas chamber.
She would never see them again.
That Yom Kippur, as she, her two sisters and others were squeezed together, praying in the barracks, Ms. Ebert promised herself that her mother and younger siblings would not have died for nothing.
If she survived, she would tell the world what had happened to them, and to those who had no one to tell their stories.
Ms. Ebert did survive, and she spent the rest of her life fulfilling that vow.
She spoke publicly about her experiences, wrote a memoir, “Lily’s Promise,” which became a New York Times best seller, and educated millions of young followers about the horrors of the Holocaust on TikTok, through an account she shared with her great-grandson Dov Forman.
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/09/
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/09/
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/
Ilse Nathan ( - 2022) and Ruth Siegler ( - 2022)
via Alabama Holocaust Education Center
Ilse Nathan and Ruth Siegler, Sisters and Survivors Together, Die 11 Days Apart
They stood by each other at Birkenau, married other Holocaust survivors, lived near each other in Alabama and remained close into their 90s. NYT September 23, 2022
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/23/
One day in 1944 at the Birkenau concentration camp in German-occupied Poland, Ilse and Ruth Scheuer saw heir father for the last time.
“You two are young, maybe you will survive,” Jakob Scheuer told them.
He raised his hands toward their heads and, in a voice choked with emotion, gave them a Hebrew blessing:
“May God bless you and watch over you. May God shine His face toward you and show you favor.”
Mr. Scheuer was soon gassed.
Ilse, 20, and Ruth, 17, were separated from their mother and never saw her again.
Their brother, Ernst, died at another concentration camp, in Germany, shortly before the end of the war.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/23/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/23/
Poland Zofia Posmysz-Piasecka 1923-2022
Zofia Posmysz at her apartment in Warsaw in 2020. Her three years in concentration camps inspired her work as a journalist, novelist and playwright.
Photograph: Maciek Nabrdalik for The New York Times
Zofia Posmysz, Who Wrote of Life in Concentration Camps, Dies at 98
Her radio play, “The Passenger in Cabin 45,” became a novel that was translated into 15 languages, a movie and an acclaimed opera. NYT Aug. 14, 2022 2:30 p.m. ET
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
Zofia Posmysz-Piasecka 1923-2022 (née Posmysz)
Zofia Posmysz (...) endured three years of imprisonment in concentration camps for associating with the Polish resistance to Nazi occupation in World War II, then gained acclaim for her works on the Holocaust as a journalist, novelist, playwright and screenwriter,
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
Esther Bejarano 1924-2021 (born Loewy)
When Esther Bejarano was 18, she played accordion in the women’s orchestra at Auschwitz, which played marches as prisoners left the concentration camp for hard labor and upbeat music as train loads of Jews and others arrived.
“They must have thought, ‘Where music is playing, things can’t be that bad,’” she told The New York Times in 2014, recalling how some detainees smiled and waved at the musicians.
“They didn’t know where they were going.
But we knew.
We played with tears in our eyes.”
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/15/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/15/
https://www.npr.org/2021/07/10/
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/28/
Sala Kirschner 1924-2018
born Garncarz
Sala Kirschner, right, in 1941 with Ala Gartner, whom Mrs. Kirschner described in her diary as her “guardian angel.”
Ms. Gartner was later hanged at Auschwitz for her part in an uprising.
Sala Kirschner, 94, Whose Trove of Letters Told of the Holocaust, Dies NYT MARCH 13, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/13/
Worried that she might die during cardiac surgery without passing on a secret she had concealed for 50 years, Sala Kirschner in 1991 handed her daughter, Ann, a battered red cardboard box from an outdated children’s game.
“These are my letters from the war,” she said.
Inside was an extraordinary cache of 350 letters, postcards and photographs from family and friends that she had squirreled away from the eyes of Nazi guards as an inmate in seven forced-labor camps over five years, starting when she was just 16.
The yellowed, tattered letters — in Yiddish, Polish and German, some with Hitler stamps and inky Z’s indicating that they had been censored — offered intimate if doleful glimpses of the disintegration of Jewish life before and during World War II in Mrs. Kirschner’s hometown, Sosnowiec, in southwestern Poland, whose Jewish population was confined to a ghetto before 35,000 of them were deported to Auschwitz.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/13/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/13/
Oskar Gröning 1921-2018
Mr. Gröning as a young man in the Waffen SS.
He maintained that he had only a back-office role in the operation of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.
Photograph: Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau, via Associated Press
Oskar Gröning, the ‘Bookkeeper of Auschwitz,’ Is Dead at 96 NYT MARCH 12, 2018
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/12/
Mr. Gröning had volunteered for the Waffen SS in 1941 after training in civilian life as a bank teller, credentials that the SS determined qualified him to tally the cash and personal valuables seized from Jews transported to Nazi-occupied Poland.
“I’d never heard of Auschwitz before,” he said in 2005.
During his time at the camp, from 1942 to 1944, his ledgers recorded Polish zlotys and Greek drachmas, French francs, Dutch guilders, Czech korunas, Italian lire — a range of currencies that reflected the reach of the campaign to eradicate Europe’s Jews.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/12/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/12/
Jozef Paczynski ? - 2015
Polish Army captain who spent much of his five-year imprisonment in Auschwitz as the personal barber to Rudolf Höss, the Nazi death camp’s commandant
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/01/world/europe/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/01/world/europe/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/30/
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski 1922-2015
Auschwitz survivor who battled both the Nazis and the Communists, was given honorary Israeli citizenship for his work to save Jews during World War II and later surprised even himself by being instrumental in reconciling Poland and Germany
(...)
He was born on Feb. 19, 1922, into a Roman Catholic family living in a Jewish neighborhood in Warsaw and took up journalism.
He took part in the defense of the city from Nazi forces in 1939 and later worked for the Polish Red Cross.
After Nazis took the city, Mr. Bartoszewski was among several thousand Poles rounded up.
He became one of the first prisoners at the new Auschwitz concentration camp, bearing number 4427, but was released after less than a year because of pressure by the Red Cross.
He joined the underground Home Army’s fight against the Germans, in its Information and Propaganda Bureau under the pseudonym Teofil, the name of a character in a favorite novel, and fought during the Warsaw Uprising.
He was most noted for his wartime work with the Council for Aid to Jews, code named Zegota, which saved tens of thousands of people from Nazi capture and assisted the ghetto uprising.
It was for this work that Israel named him Righteous Among the Nations, a honor given to non-Jews for saving Jews during the Holocaust.
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/28/world/europe/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/28/world/europe/
Johann Breyer 1925-2014
As an armed guard at the Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz and a member of the notorious SS “Death’s Head” battalion, the authorities charged (...), Mr. Breyer was complicit in the gassing of 216,000 Jews taken there in 1944 from Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Germany.
(...)
As part of their routine, the “Death’s Head” guards at Auschwitz were responsible for taking incoming prisoners from the trains for “selection” to the gas chambers and, from their positions at watchtowers and along the camp’s barbed-wire perimeter, for preventing escapes.
While many Nazis lived in the United States for decades with little fear of scrutiny, the authorities began belatedly trying to identify and deport them beginning 35 years ago after demands for action from Congress.
Since then, Justice Department prosecutors have brought charges against more than 130 aging Nazi suspects, but none older than Mr. Breyer.
He could end up being the last Nazi defendant on American soil.
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/19/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/us/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/19/us/
Fritz Karl Ertl 1908-1982
If the day of Otti Berger’s death is not known, its place and cause are.
In April 1944, Berger – part deaf, Jewish, a communist – was arrested in her home town of Zmajevac, in German-occupied Yugoslavia.
On 29 May, she was put on a transport to Auschwitz.
After that, nothing.
Of the eight Bauhaus students to die at Auschwitz – half the number murdered in other camps and ghettoes – Berger was the best known.
With Anni Albers and Gunta Stölzl, she had revolutionised weaving, turning it from a craft into an art.
She had come to Dessau – the iteration of the school most of us think of as the Bauhaus – in 1927, when she was 28.
That same year, belatedly, the school had opened a department of architecture.
A few months later, a young Austrian called Fritz Ertl signed up to study at it.
The Bauhaus was always small, its student numbers barely passing 200.
It is likely that Berger and Ertl would have known each other, at least by sight.
In 1944, the trajectories of their lives would cross again, if for a last time.
Ertl, by then a Nazi party member and SS Untersturmführer, had designed what were marked on architectural plans as Badeanstalten – swimming baths – for Auschwitz.
They were the crematorium in which what remained of Otti Berger would be burned.
(...)
When Ertl was finally tried in 1972 for his role in designing the crematorium in which his fellow Bauhausler’s gassed body had been burned, he argued that he had had no idea of the use to which they would be put.
He had, he said, merely been an architect, putting into practice the things he had learned back in Dessau.
He was found not guilty.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/article/2024/may/06/
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/article/2024/may/06/
January 1945
Poland
Auschwitz-Birkenau
Death marches from Auschwitz
As Soviet troops approach, SS units begin the final evacuation of prisoners from the Auschwitz camp complex, marching them on foot toward the interior of the German Reich.
These forced evacuations come to be called “death marches.”
In mid-January 1945, as Soviet forces approached the Auschwitz concentration camp complex, the SS began evacuating Auschwitz and its subcamps.
SS units forced nearly 60,000 prisoners to march west from the Auschwitz camp system.
Thousands had been killed in the camps in the days before these death marches began.
Tens of thousands of prisoners, mostly Jews, were forced to march either northwest for 55 kilometers (approximately 30 miles) to Gliwice (Gleiwitz), joined by prisoners from subcamps in East Upper Silesia, such as Bismarckhuette, Althammer, and Hindenburg, or due west for 63 kilometers (approximately 35 miles) to Wodzislaw (Loslau) in the western part of Upper Silesia, joined by inmates from the subcamps to the south of Auschwitz, such as Jawischowitz, Tschechowitz, and Golleschau.
SS guards shot anyone who fell behind or could not continue.
Prisoners also suffered from the cold weather, starvation, and exposure on these marches.
At least 3,000 prisoners died on route to Gliwice alone;
possibly as many as 15,000 prisoners died during the evacuation marches from Auschwitz and the subcamps.
https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/
https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/
Richard Baer 1911-1963
Left to right: Richard Baer, Josef Mengele, Josef Kramer, Rudolf Höss and Anton Thumann.
Mengele, the Auschwitz doctor known for his horrific experiments on prisoners, was never brought to justice, while Baer escaped arrest until 1960. The other three were executed.
This was taken at a July 1944 party for Höss;
by that stage, the SS pictured here must have known the war was lost.
It seems Höss is telling a joke – perhaps even imitating someone.
A matter of days later, the SS would murder thousands of prisoners, and the killing would continue until January, when the Soviets arrived
Photograph: United States Holocaust Museum
Nazis on retreat: the SS holiday camp near Auschwitz – in pictures When author William Ryan came across photos of Nazi criminals at a luxury retreat just a few miles from Auschwitz, he was inspired to write his novel The Constant Soldier, about the last days of the war as seen from a holiday hut Captions by William Ryan G Tue 22 Nov 2016 10.00 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2016/nov/22/
Related
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/24/
commandant of Auschwitz from May 1944 until the Russians arrived in 1945.
https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2016/nov/22/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2016/nov/22/
Auschwitz-Birkenau
Extermination camp
The Soviet Army liberated Auschwitz on Jan. 27, 1945.
https://www.npr.org/2020/01/23/
Auschwitz was liberated (...) on Jan. 27, 1945, and news of its existence shocked the world.
With its principal killing center at one of its main camps, Auschwitz-Birkenau, becoming fully operational in 1942, it was Germany’s largest and the most notorious extermination site.
There the Germans slaughtered approximately 1.1 million people, a million of whom were Jews.
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/
Eva Umlauf’s numerical tattoo, still visible today.
Photograph: Frank Bauer
Tales from Auschwitz: survivor stories G Monday 26 January 2015 15.00 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/
Members of the Frankfurt Auschwitz trial commission enter the former Nazi concentration camp, December 1964.
Photograph: AP
The Broken House by Horst Krüger review – the book that broke the silence G Mon 7 Jun 2021 07.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jun/07/
The Auschwitz concentration camp gate, with the inscription “Arbeit macht frei”, after its liberation by Soviet troops, in January 1945.
Photograph: AFP/Getty Images
Nazi guard from Auschwitz dies just before trial G Thursday 7 April 2016 16.41 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/07/
Women deemed fit for work at the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp, in a photograph taken in May 1944.
Photograph: Vashem Archives Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Esther Bejarano, 96, Dies; Auschwitz Survivor Fought Hate With Hip-Hop She played the accordion in the camp’s orchestra. Decades later, she spoke out against fascism and racism, using music as well as words. NYT July 15, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/15/
Arriving at Auschwitz.
Photograph: Sovfoto/UIG, via Getty Images
[Anglonautes: on the left side of the carriage, SNCF stands for Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français, the State railway Company in France. ]
Leo Bretholz, 93, Dies; Escaped Train to Auschwitz NYT MARCH 29, 2014
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/30/world/europe/
Child survivors at Auschwitz after the liberation in 1945.
Photograph: Imagno/Getty Image
'Accountant of Auschwitz': I am morally complicit in murder of millions of Jews Oskar Gröning, charged with complicity in the murder of 300,000 Holocaust victims, expresses remorse during trial in Germany
Kate Connolly in Lüneburg G Tuesday 21 April 2015 12.28 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/
Des enfants rescapés d'Auschwitz montrent leur tatouage après la libération du camp.
Les enfants d'Auschwitz Libération.fr 20 January 2005
http://www.liberation.com/
Leon Greenman
On January 27 1945, Soviet soldiers advancing through Poland discovered the largest and most lethal of Hitler's death camps: Auschwitz. Sixty years on, a survivor of the camp tells Stephen Moss his story The Guardian G2 p. 5 13 November 2005
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/13/
Le poste de garde principal du camp d'Auschwitz prise des soldats de l'Armée rouge
Les prisonniers l'appelaient «la porte de la mort».
C'était le terminus des trains emmenant les juifs vers ce camp de la mort.
La voie ferrée avait été construite en 1944.
"La porte de la mort" Libération.fr 20 January 2005 http://www.liberation.com/page.php?Rubrique=AUSCHWITZ - broken link
This photo was taken on 22 July 1944, and shows a group of female SS auxiliaries on a day trip to the hut.
Höcker is the officer in the centre.
The auxiliaries probably worked as radio and telephone operators at Auschwitz and, SS uniforms aside, seem to be ordinary enough women who are enjoying an excursion to the countryside.
On the same day, two transports of Hungarian Jews arrived at the camp, most of whom were murdered on arrival
Photograph: United States Holocaust Museum
Nazis on retreat: the SS holiday camp near Auschwitz – in pictures When author William Ryan came across photos of Nazi criminals at a luxury retreat just a few miles from Auschwitz, he was inspired to write his novel The Constant Soldier, about the last days of the war as seen from a holiday hut Captions by William Ryan G Tue 22 Nov 2016 10.00 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2016/nov/22/
Hungarian Jews arriving at Auschwitz in the summer of 1944.
Photograph: Universal History Archive/Getty Images
At 12, I was in Auschwitz. My parents and seven siblings were murdered. Here is how I built a life Ivor Perl survived the Holocaust, then spent 50 years quietly looking after his family and business in the UK. Eventually, he started to open up – describing the luck, hope, belief and pity that have helped him to live G Tue 6 Jun 2023 06.00 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/jun/06/
Jewish women and children get off coaches at their arrival in Auschwitz extermination camp on 20 January 1942.
Photograph: AFP/Getty Images
WWII: eighty years on, the world is still haunted by a catastrophe foretold G Sun 1 Sep 2019 09.00 BST Last modified on Sun 1 Sep 2019 09.15 BST
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/01/
Auschwitz-Birkenau
Extermination camp
The largest of its kind, the Auschwitz camp complex was essential to carrying out the Nazi plan for the "Final Solution." https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/auschwitz
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/auschwitz https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/album_auschwitz/index.asp
https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/31
https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2015/jan/26/ https://www.theguardian.com/world/series/auschwitzmemories https://www.theguardian.com/world/holocaust https://www.theguardian.com/film/the-zone-of-interest
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/january/27/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/ https://www.pbs.org/auschwitz/40-45/killing/
2024
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/09/
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/edition/mon-blog-litteraire/article/240824/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/article/2024/may/06/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/24/
https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/politique/200224/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/feb/13/
https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/feb/04/
2023
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/15/
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/jun/06/
https://www.npr.org/2023/05/15/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/may/19/
https://www.npr.org/2023/01/27/
2022
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/28/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/23/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/14/
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/guillaume-lasserre/blog/240622/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jun/08/
https://www.npr.org/2022/01/27/
2021
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/01/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/15/
https://www.npr.org/2021/07/10/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jun/07/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/20/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/05/
https://www.npr.org/2021/06/07/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/02/
2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/13/
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/joelle-stolz/blog/250620/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/may/24/
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/edition/patriotes-de-tous-les-pays/article/130520/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jan/29/
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2020/jan/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/27/
https://www.npr.org/2020/01/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2020/jan/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jan/27/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/26/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jan/26/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/26/
https://www.npr.org/2020/01/23/
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/
2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/21/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/06/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/04/
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/25/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/03/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/
https://www.npr.org/2019/01/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/
2018
https://www.npr.org/2018/11/14/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/11/
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.youtube.com/
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/vilmauve/blog/160318/
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/12/
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/jean-jacques-birge/blog/220218/
2017
https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/culture-idees/030817/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/30/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/
https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/europe/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/25/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/30/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/28/
2016
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/08/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/gallery/2016/nov/22/
https://www.youtube.com/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/29/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jul/02/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/24/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/17/
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/17/
http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/20/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/15/nyregion/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/29/auschwitz-
https://www.theguardian.com/film/video/2016/apr/19/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/07/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/europe/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/12/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/15/world/europe/
http://www.npr.org/2016/02/13/
2015
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/dec/16/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2015/dec/14/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/21/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/21/
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/07/21/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/16/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/16/world/europe/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/15/auschwitz-
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/01/accountant-auschwitz-
http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/jun/27/auschwitz-
http://www.npr.org/2015/05/24/
https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/15/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/13/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/22/world/europe/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/17/opinion/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/arts/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/14/world/europe/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/23/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/27/auschwitz-
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/27/auschwitz-
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/27/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2015/jan/27/what-happened-auschwitz-
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/jan/27/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2015/jan/26/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/27/auschwitz-
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/27/auschwitz-
https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2015/jan/27/
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/26/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/26/
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/26/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2015/jan/26/auschwitz-
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/24/world/europe/for-auschwitz-
2014
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/16/auschwitz-
https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2014/aug/25/
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2014/jun/23/
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jun/09/
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/28/
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/30/world/europe/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/07/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/20/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/feb/28/
2013
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/25/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/world/europe/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/15/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/11/world/europe/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/02/world/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/27/world/europe/germany-
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/world/europe/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/06/
http://www.nytimes.com/video/2013/04/14/
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/15/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/23/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/22/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/the-northerner/2013/jan/28/
2011
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/11/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/19/
2010
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/29/
2009
https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/24/
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/oct/31/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/auschwitz-
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/auschwitz-
2008
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/10/germany-
2006
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/apr/13/
2005
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/13/
1944
https://www.nytimes.com/1944/07/03/
Auschwitz-Monowitz satellite camp
Founded as a dye maker in the 1860s, BASF employed scientists who invented thousands of chemicals, from synthetic indigo, which enabled the mass production of blue jeans, to chlorine gas, which was used to poison soldiers in the trenches during World War I.
In 1925, BASF helped found IG Farben, a German chemical cartel that would not only supply raw materials for the Nazi war machine but also operate a synthetic rubber and oil factory dependent on slave labor from Jewish people imprisoned at the Monowitz concentration camp.
Among the cartel’s contributions to the Nazis was a pesticide known as Zyklon B, which they used to exterminate more than 1 million people during the Holocaust.
https://www.propublica.org/article/
https://www.propublica.org/article/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/08/
Blechhammer
sub-camp of Auschwitz in eastern Germany
https://www.npr.org/2020/01/23/
industriels esclavagistes
https://blogs.mediapart.fr/vilmauve/blog/160318/
“The list contained the names of those who were shipped to Birkenau and the gas chamber,” (Ernest Michel) wrote.
“The Nazis, with their usual efficiency and attention to detail, kept records of all inmates sent to be gassed.
Only nobody died being gassed to death.
They all died by being ‘weak of the body’ – ‘Koerperschwaeche’ – or from ‘Herzschlag’ – ‘heart attack.’ ”
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/15/
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/15/
Sonderkommando Auschwitz-Birkenau
Documentaire de Emil Weiss 53 min, France, 2007
Chargés de faire fonctionner les fours crématoires du camp d'extermination d'Auschwitz-Birkenau, de très rares déportés des "Sonderkommandos" (les "commandos spéciaux") ont pu témoigner, bravant l'anéantissement programmé. http://www.arte.tv/guide/fr/036365-000/sonderkommando-auschwitz-birkenau
http://www.arte.tv/guide/fr/036365-000/
Josef Mengele 1911-1979
Josef Mengele looking out from a train window.
Photograph: Hulton Archive/Getty Images
How Did Josef Mengele Become the Evil Doctor of Auschwitz? NYT Published Jan. 28, 2020 Updated Jan. 29, 2020
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/
SS physician, infamous for his inhumane medical experimentation upon concentration camp prisoners at Auschwitz. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007060
If anyone embodies the archetype of the evil that was Auschwitz, it is surely Josef Mengele.
Dubbed by the inmates and survivors of the camp the “Angel of Death,” the immaculate doctor — with a slight flick of the finger — would casually select those permitted to live and work and those destined to die in the gas chambers.
Among those he selected to live were the subjects upon whom he conducted his infamous race-inspired medical experiments.
His postwar escape to South America and prolonged successful evasion from capture (in Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil) only reinforced the fear and mystique of the man.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/
https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007297
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/06/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/23/
Auschwitz Commandant > Rudolf Höss 1900-1947
Auschwitz through the lens of the SS: Photos of Nazi leadership at the camp
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/
My Nazi death camp childhood diary – in pictures
a Czech Jewish girl, was sent with her parents to the concentration camp at Terezin, a few days after her 12th birthday in 1941.
She kept a diary, in words and pictures, and when she and her mother were sent on to Auschwitz in 1944, her uncle hid the diary in a brick wall for safekeeping. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/22/helga-weiss-diary-nazi-death-camp
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/22/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/gallery/2013/feb/22/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/16/
August 1944
Why the allies didn't bomb Auschwitz, the Nazis' biggest death camp
When the US war department was petitioned by Jewish representatives to bomb Auschwitz, it refused
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/09/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/09/
1944
The Auschwitz album
The Auschwitz Album is the only surviving visual evidence of the process leading to the mass murder at Auschwitz-Birkenau.
It is a unique document and was donated to Yad Vashem by Lilly Jacob-Zelmanovic Meier.
The photos were taken at the end of May or beginning of June 1944, either by Ernst Hofmann or by Bernhard Walter, two SS men whose task was to take ID photos and fingerprints of the inmates (not of the Jews who were sent directly to the gas chambers).
The photos show the arrival of Hungarian Jews from Carpatho-Ruthenia.
Many of them came from the Berehovo Ghetto, which itself was a collecting point for Jews from several other small towns. http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/album_auschwitz/index.asp
https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/
1944
Hungary
an estimated 437,000 Hungarian Jews (were) rounded up outside Budapest and dispatched to death camps in just 57 days in 1944.
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/14/world/europe/
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/21/
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/14/world/europe/
May 15, 1944
Systematic deportations of Jews from Hungary begin
German forces occupy Hungary on March 19, 1944.
In April 1944, all Jews except those in Budapest are ordered into ghettos.
Systematic deportations from the ghettos in Hungary to Auschwitz-Birkenau begin the next month, in May 1944.
In less than three months, nearly 440,000 Jews are deported from Hungary in more than 145 trains.
The overwhelming majority are killed upon arrival in Auschwitz. http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007716
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/deportations https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/album_auschwitz/index.asp
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/21/
19 March 1944
The German army invades Hungary
(...) four weeks later, the concentration of Jews began.
Jews from Munkács were forced into two ghettos, and those from the surrounding areas were assembled at two brick factories on the outskirts of town.
On 11 May 1944 the deportations to Auschwitz began, and on 23 May the last deportation train left Munkács. http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/munkacs/during_holocaust.asp
https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/
https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/
Oct. 16, 1943
Rome, Italy
The murder of Rome’s Jews
On Oct. 16, 1943, Nazis rounded up more than a thousand of them throughout the city, including hundreds in the Jewish ghetto, now a tourist attraction where crowds feast on Jewish-style artichokes near a church where Jews were once forced to attend conversion sermons.
For two days the Germans held the Jews in a military college near the Vatican, checking to see who was baptized or had Catholic spouses.
“They didn’t want to offend the pope, ” Mr. Kertzer said.
His book shows that Pius XII’s top aides only interceded with the German ambassador to free “non-Aryan Catholics.”
About 250 were released. More than a thousand were murdered in Auschwitz.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/27/
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/27/
1942
Auschwitz-Birkenau becomes fully operational
With its principal killing center at one of its main camps, Auschwitz-Birkenau, becoming fully operational in 1942, it was Germany’s largest and the most notorious extermination site.
There the Germans slaughtered approximately 1.1 million people, a million of whom were Jews.
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/
1939-1945
Netherlands
Westerbork transit camp
The Westerbork camp was situated in the northeastern part of the Netherlands in the Dutch province of Drenthe, near the towns of Westerbork and Assen.
The Dutch government established a camp at Westerbork in October 1939 to intern Jewish refugees who had entered the Netherlands illegally.
The camp continued to function after the German invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940.
In 1941 it had a population of 1,100 Jewish refugees, mostly from Germany.
From 1942 to 1944 Westerbork served as a transit camp for Dutch Jews before they were deported to extermination camps in German-occupied Poland.
In early 1942, the Germans enlarged the camp.
In July 1942 the German Security Police, assisted by an SS company and Dutch military police, took control of Westerbork.
Erich Deppner was appointed camp commandant and Westerbork's role as a transit camp for deportations to the east began, with deportation trains leaving every Tuesday.
From July 1942 until September 3, 1944, the Germans deported 97,776 Jews from Westerbork:
54,930 to Auschwitz in 68 transports,
34,313 to Sobibor in 19 transports,
4,771 to the Theresienstadt ghetto in 7 transports,
and 3,762 to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 9 transports.
Most of those deported to Auschwitz and Sobibor were killed upon arrival. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005217
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
Greece lost more of its Jewish population in the Final Solution, proportionately, than almost any other country in Europe during the second world war.
Around 65,000 men, women and children were dispatched to their deaths in Auschwitz between 1941 and 1944.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/09/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/09/
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