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History > WW2 > 1939-1945
Axis powers, Germany, Europe > Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era, Holocaust / Shoah, Samudaripen
1945-1946
Germany Nuremberg trials
Time Covers - The 40S TIME cover 12-10-1945 ill. of Nurnberg (aka Nuremburg) Trial participants including Nazi top brass Hermann Goering (bottom L) & Rudolf Hess (top R).
Date taken: December 10, 1945
Photograph: Boris Artzybasheff
Life Images
Benjamin Berell Ferencz Romania 1920-2023
last surviving prosecutor of the Nuremberg trials, who convicted Nazi war criminals of organizing the murder of a million people and German industrialists of using slave labor from concentration camps to build Hitler’s war machine
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Benjamin Berell Ferencz was born in a thatched house in the Transylvanian village of Somcuta Mare, Romania, on March 11, 1920, to Joseph and Sarah Legman (Schwartz) Ferencz.
In the shifting borders of the era, his sister had been born a Hungarian in the same house a year and a half earlier.
When Ben was an infant, the family fled to the United States to escape a pogrom of Jews after Transylvania was ceded by Hungary to Romania under the 1920 Treaty of Trianon.
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After earning his law degree in 1943, he enlisted in the wartime Army and became a private in an antiaircraft artillery unit.
He joined the Normandy invasion in 1944 and fought across France and Germany.
In 1945, his legal training and war-crimes expertise were recognized by the Army, and he was assigned to General Patton’s Third Army headquarters and then to investigate newly liberated concentration camps for evidence of war crimes.
What he witnessed was seared into memory.
At Buchenwald, he said, “I saw crematoria still going. The bodies starved, lying dying, on the ground.
I’ve seen the horrors of war more than can be adequately described.”
At Mauthausen, he found incriminating ledgers kept by the Nazi commandant on the number and manner of prisoners killed each day, on starvation rations and on horrific conditions in the lice-infested barracks.
Sergeant Ferencz mustered out of the Army in Germany late in 1945.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/
https://www.theguardian.com/law/2023/apr/09/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/09/
https://www.npr.org/2023/04/09/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/
https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/feb/07/
https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/10/18/
Czechoslovakia Marie Supikova 1932-2021
Marie Supikova, then known as Marie Dolezalova, was 15 when she testified at the Nuremberg trial of members of the SS Race and Resettlement Main Office in 1947.
Photograph: Hedwig Wachenheimer Epstein, via United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Marie Supikova, Survivor of Nazi Terror in Czech Village, Dies at 88 The men of Lidice, including her father, were massacred and the women, including her mother, sent to a concentration camp. She later testified at the Nuremberg war-crimes trials. NYT April 18, 2021
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/18/
Marie Supikova 1932-2021
(born Marie Dolezalova)
Marie Supikova (...) after surviving the Nazis’ destruction of her Czech village and being forced to live with a German family, testified about the horrors at the Nuremberg war-crimes trials when she was 15
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Mrs. Supikova was 10 when Nazi forces arrived in Lidice, a village of about 500, on June 9, 1942.
They were bent on avenging an attack by Czech parachutists on Reinhard Heydrich, a principal architect of the “final solution,” the Nazis’ plan to annihilate the Jewish people, which led to his death on June 4.
Looking to eradicate Lidice (LID-it-seh), the Nazis destroyed all the village’s buildings.
They killed nearly 200 men, including Mrs. Supikova’s father, by a firing squad against a barn wall cushioned by mattresses.
The women, including Mrs. Supikova’s mother, were sent to the Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany.
In a poem published shortly after the massacre, Edna St. Vincent Millay wrote, in part:
The whole world holds in his arms today The murdered village of Lidice, As the murdered body of a young child Happy and innocent, caught in the game, The murdered body colored, and violated, Tortured and mutilated, of a helpless child.
Lidice’s children, Marie among them, were sent first to nearby Kladno, where they were locked in a school gymnasium with the women of the village for three days, and then to Lodz, Poland, where the children were taken to an old factory that served as a detention facility.
There were, Mrs. Supikova told Czech Radio, more than 80 children “with lice, hungry and longing for home.”
She added, “We were alone and didn’t know what to do.”
While there, she was one of seven children chosen because of their appearance to be re-educated as Germans (the others were sen to gas chambers).
They were moved to a school near Poznan, Poland, where they stayed for about a year until they were adopted by German couples.
Her new parents, Alfred and Ilsa Schiller, gave Marie a new name, Ingeborg Schiller, and a tiny room behind the kitchen in their home in Poznan.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/18/
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/18/
https://www.bbc.com/news/
Thirteen trials were held in Nuremberg from 1945 to 1949, with multiple defendants in the cases.
http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/10/18/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K98JQuSmEAk
75 лет Нюрнбергу: вспоминая уникальный судебный процесс BBC 20-11-2020
https://www.youtube.com/
http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/10/18/
Nuremberg Proceedings
Case #9
The Einsatzgruppen Case 1947-1948
On September 10, 1947, the US Military Government for Germany created Military Tribunal II-A (later renamed Tribunal II) to try the Einsatzgruppen Case.
The 24 defendants were all leaders of the mobile security and killing units of the SS, the Einsatzgruppen. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007080
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
Ernst Kaltenbrunner 1903 - 16 October 1946
Kaltenbrunner testifying as a witness on his own behalf at the International Military Tribunal.
Wkipedia
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
high-ranking Austrian SS official during the Nazi era and a major perpetrator of the Holocaust.
After the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich in 1942, and a brief period under Heinrich Himmler, Kaltenbrunner was the third Chief of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), which included the offices of Gestapo, Kripo and SD, from January 1943 until the end of World War II in Europe.
Kaltenbrunner joined the Nazi Party in 1930 and the SS in 1931, and by 1935 he was considered a leader of the Austrian SS.
In 1938, he assisted in the Anschluss and was given command of the SS and police force in Austria.
In January 1943, Kaltenbrunner was appointed chief of the RSHA, succeeding Reinhard Heydrich, who was assassinated in May 1942.
A committed anti-Semite, Kaltenbrunner played a pivotal role in orchestrating the Holocaust and Nazi genocide intensified under his leadership.
He oversaw the coordination of security and law enforcement agencies involved in widespread extermination, the suppression of resistance movements in occupied territories, extensive arrests, deportations, and executions.
He was the highest-ranking member of the SS to face trial (Himmler having committed suicide in May 1945) at the Nuremberg trials, where he was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Kaltenbrunner was sentenced to death, and executed by hanging on 16 October 1946.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/11/
Hans Frank 1900-1946
early supporter of the Nazi party.
He studied law and eventually became the personal legal advisor to Adolf Hitler.
After the outbreak of World War II, Frank was appointed Governor General of occupied Poland.
In this capacity, Frank was responsible for the exploitation and murder of hundreds of thousands of Polish civilians, as well as the deportation and murder of Polish Jews.
He was found guilty on counts three and four (war crimes and crimes against humanity) and sentenced to death.
Frank was executed on October 16, 1946. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007108
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
75 лет Нюрнбергу: вспоминая уникальный судебный процесс BBC 20-11-2020
https://www.youtube.com/
Wilhelm Frick 1877-1946
Reich Minister of the Interior from 1933 to 1943 and Reich Protector for Bohemia and Moravia from 1943 to 1945.
In the decisive first years of the Nazi dictatorship, Frick directed legislation that removed Jews from public life, abolished political parties, and sent political dissidents to concentration camps.
Frick was found guilty on counts two, three, and four (crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity) and sentenced to death.
He was executed on October 16, 1946. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007109
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/
Benjamin Kaplan 1911-2010
as an Army officer Benjamin Kaplan helped craft the indictment of the Nazi war criminals who were tried at Nuremberg
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/count1.asp
The defendants 1945-1949
The Nuremberg tribunal opened in 1945.
Two years earlier, the USSR, Britain, and the US had issued their Declaration on German Atrocities in Occupied Europe, which stated that when the Nazis were defeated, the allies would "pursue them to the uttermost ends of the earth … in order that justice may be done".
Twenty-four defendants were charged under four counts:
crime against peace, planning and waging wars of aggression, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
They did not include Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, and Joseph Goebbels, head of propaganda, who had all killed themselves.
Martin Bormann, the Nazi party secretary, was tried in absentia – his remains were found many years later in Berlin.
Robert Ley, head of the "Strength through Joy" movement, hanged himself before the trial started.
Hermann Göring, Hitler's successor, killed himself with a phial of cyanide the night before he was to be executed.
Rudolf Hess, Hitler's former deputy, who flew to Britain in 1941 with what he called a peace plan, was given a life sentence.
He killed himself in Spandau prison, Berlin, in 1987.
Albert Speer, Hitler's architect who was responsible for the mass exploitation of forced foreign labour, was jailed for 20 years.
The man who supplied the slave labour, Fritz Sauckel, was sentenced to death, as were 12 others.
The Nuremberg tribunal gave its name to the "I was only obeying orders" defence.
It also led to a series of international conventions on the laws of war, genocide, and human rights, and the setting up of the permanent international criminal court in The Hague. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/oct/26/britain-execution-nuremberg-nazi-leaders
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/oct/26/
Nuremberg trials 1945-1949
Twenty-four major political and military leaders of Nazi Germany, indicted for aggressive war, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, were brought to trial before the International Military Tribunal.
More than 100 additional defendants, representing many sectors of German society, were tried before the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals in a series of 12 trials known as “Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings.” http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Nuremberg_trials.html
https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/06/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/apr/10/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/
https://www.npr.org/2020/05/22/
http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/10/18/
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/22/
https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/22/
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/15/nyregion/
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/nov/20/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2012/oct/26/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/26/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/world/middleeast/
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/world/eur
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/13/nyregion/13sonnenfeldt.html
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/11/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2009/mar/20/nuremberg-trial-germany
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/20/nuremberg-trials-hermann-goring
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/20/nuremberg-trials-letters-extracts
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/11/nazis-nuremberg-executed-hermann-goring
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/11/nuremberg-trials-second-world-war-nazis
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuremberg_article_01.shtml
http://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/24/us/dr-leo-alexander-79-nuremberg-trial-aide.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/20/
Whitney Robson Harris 1912-2010
prosecutor who brought high-ranking Nazi war criminals to justice at the Nuremberg trials
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/
Nazi Concentration Camps 1945 warning: graphic
OFFICIAL 1945 U.S. GOVERNMENT WWII NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMP DOCU FILM GEORGE STEPHENS PART 1 Video PeriscopeFilm II
This historic film "Nazi Concentration Camps" was created immediately after WWII by the United States Government (August 1945) in an attempt to document the atrocities committed by the German state.
The documentary report created by famed director George Stephens was used as evidence in official war crimes trials.
It remains one of the most important works, showing irrefutable evidence of the despicable, brutal and inhumane acts committed by the German government in the name of racial purity.
YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfRKtdGfvWg
Related http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0247568/ http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2074187239501225850#
Compilation footage of Nazi concentration camps in the immediate aftermath of World War II.
Shot by film director Georges Stevens (1904-1975)
The footage was gathered by the US Department of Defense as part of the effort to conduct war crimes trials.
The courtroom crowded with lawyers and defendents during the Nuremberg Trial.
Location: Germany
Date taken: March 1945
Photograph: Ed Clark
Life Images
(L to R) Rudolph Hess, Joachim Von Ribbentrop and Hermann Goering sitting in the defendents box.
Location: Germany
Date taken: March 1945
Photograph: Ralph Morse
Life Images
Nuremberg Trials.
Defendants in their dock; Goering, Hess, von Ribbentrop, and Keitel in front row, circa 1945-1946., ca. 1945 - ca. 1946
ARC Identifier 540128 / Local Identifier 238-NT-612 http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=540128
Wikipedia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Nuremberg-1-.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuremberg-1-.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring Primary source > NARA
Hermann Göring and Rudolf Hess, front row far left, and Hans Frank, in the sunglasses front row fourth from right, are among the Nazis in the dock in Nuremberg, September 1946.
Photograph: Eddie Worth AP
East West Street by Philippe Sands review – putting genocide into words G Sunday 22 May 2016 06.30 BST Last modified on Sunday 22 May 2016 09.09 BST
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/22/
Nazi leaders in the dock at the Nuremberg trials, Germany, that ran from November 1945 to October 1946.
Photograph: adoc-photos
It was always lost on Brexiteers – but the EU is fundamentally about peace G Wed 18 Nov 2020 07.00 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/18/1945-
Related > Anglonautes > History > 20th century
International Military Tribunal 1946-1948
Antisemitism, Adolf Hitler, Nazi era,
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