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History > 19th, 20th century > Australia
timeline in articles, pictures, podcasts and videos
Description: Australian infantry wearing Small Box Respirators (SBR).
The soldiers are from the 45th Battalion, Australian 4th Division at Garter Point, Ypres sector, 27 September 1917.
Source: Australian War Memorial catalogue number E00825.
Date: 27 September 1917
Photograph: Captain Frank Hurley. Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Australian_infantry_small_box_respirators_Ypres_1917.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I
19 February 1942
Darwin is bombed by Japan
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/gallery/2022/feb/19/
31 March - 27 November 1941
North Africa
Cyrenaica (a province of Libya)
Siege of Tobruk
Between April and August 1941 around 14,000 Australian soldiers were besieged in Tobruk by a German–Italian army commanded by General Erwin Rommel.
The garrison, commanded by Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead, consisted of the 9th Division (20th, 24th, and 26th Brigades), the 18th Brigade of the 7th Division, along with four regiments of British artillery and some Indian troops.
It was vital for the Allies' defence of Egypt and the Suez Canal to hold the town with its harbour, as this forced the enemy to bring most of their supplies overland from the port of Tripoli, across 1500 km of desert, as well as diverting troops from their advance.
Tobruk was subject to repeated ground assaults and almost constant shelling and bombing.
The Nazi propagandist (William Joyce [ 1906-1946]) derided the tenacious defenders as 'rats', a term that the Australian soldiers embraced as an ironic compliment.
The Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy provided the garrison's link to the outside world, the so-called 'Tobruk ferry'.
These ships included the Australian destroyers Napier, Nizam, Stuart, Vendetta and Voyager.
Losses comprised two destroyers, including HMAS Waterhen, three sloops, including HMAS Parramatta, and 21 smaller vessels.
Half the Australian garrison was relieved in August, the rest in September-October.
However, 2/13 Battalion could not be evacuated and was still there when the siege was lifted on 10 December, the only unit present for the entire siege.
Australian casualties were 559 killed, 2450 wounded, and 941 taken prisoner. http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/tobruk/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/categories/c55230/
https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/tobruk/
War and pleas: propaganda posters from 20th century Australia – in pictures
Talk less. You never know – c 1944.
Photograph: By Charles J Noke. Issued by the Ministry of Home Security and printed by James Hawthorn & Brother Ltd
War and pleas: propaganda posters from 20th century Australia – in pictures
Posters played a crucial role in the wars of the 20th century, firing up patriotic sentiment and sending out calls to arms.
The exhibition Propaganda draws on the Australian War Memorial’s extensive collection, showing how illustration and graphic design were used to speak directly to people during times of conflict G Sun 22 Apr 2018
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/apr/22/
Australia has promised Britain 50,000 more men – 1915.
Illustration: Issued by the South Australian government
War and pleas: propaganda posters from 20th century Australia – in pictures
Posters played a crucial role in the wars of the 20th century, firing up patriotic sentiment and sending out calls to arms.
The exhibition Propaganda draws on the Australian War Memorial’s extensive collection, showing how illustration and graphic design were used to speak directly to people during times of conflict G Sun 22 Apr 2018
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/apr/22/
Posters played a crucial role in the wars of the 20th century, firing up patriotic sentiment and sending out calls to arms.
The exhibition Propaganda draws on the Australian War Memorial’s extensive collection, showing how illustration and graphic design were used to speak directly to people during times of conflict
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2018/apr/22/
Nazi activity in Australia 1930s
The earliest members of Adelaide’s Nazi party branch in front of a vineyard in Tanunda, South Australia, circa 1934.
Photograph: National Archives of Australia
Happy birthday, Hitler: how Australia’s Nazis got away with ‘the whole rotten show’ They arranged flowers for the Führer and spied for the Gestapo. Yet after the war, most followers of the Third Reich simply faded back into the community G Fri 4 Feb 2022 19.00 GMT Last modified on Fri 4 Feb 2022 19.02 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/feb/05/
Nazi activity in Australia in the years before the second world war
(...)
a small but determined network sought to expand the party’s influence among German migrants and others across the country.
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/feb/05/
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/feb/05/
1926
Forrest River killings
Until 1969 Oombulgurri was a punitive Anglican mission called Forrest River.
In 1926 tensions between Aboriginal people on the mission and residents of the nearby Nulla Nulla station, on their ancestral lands, came to a bloody head.
Some of them returned to the station and speared some cattle.
Then Nulla Nulla’s co-owner Frederick Hay was murdered by an Aboriginal man named Lumbia, for the rape of his wife, Anguloo.
Police constables Graham St Jack and Denis Regan led a posse of 13 police and local white people to find Hay’s killer, taking along an arsenal of Winchester rifles, 500 to 600 rounds of ammunition, 42 horses and shotguns.
They inflicted ruthless reprisal attacks on Aboriginal men, women and children at Forrest River.
The mission later reported 30 Aboriginal people “missing”, while an initial police inquiry concluded that 16 people had been killed and their remains burned.
A subsequent royal commission into the killings confirmed that at least 11 Aboriginal people had been killed and their remains burned – in three purpose-built stone ovens.
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/mar/08/
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/mar/08/
World War One Australia
https://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/ww1.htm
https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2018/apr/18/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/17/
1839
One day at dawn in early 1839, Frederick Taylor and a number of other armed white men rode on horseback into a sleeping camp of Aboriginal people near present-day Terang in Victoria’s western district.
Most of the people encamped on the banks of Mount Emu Creek were of the Tarnbeere gundidj clan, members of the Djargurd wurrung language group.
The settlers killed about 35 of the roughly 50 people in the camp, and threw the bodies into the water.
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/mar/23/
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/mar/23/
1830
Tasmania
Liffey Falls massacre
In 1830, in response to conflicts between colonisers and Indigenous people, Governor George Arthur called for every British man to form a human chain across Tasmania to capture and kill Aboriginal people.
More than 2,200 settlers, military, police and convicts joined in.
“The Black Line” was the largest force assembled against Aboriginal people anywhere in Australia.
Those captured were forcibly removed to Flinders Island in Bass Strait, where many later died.
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/jun/22/
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/jun/22/
Country profile: Australia
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15674351
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/mar/23/
Australia profile - Timeline
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15675556
battle between Aboriginal people and settlers
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/12/
Australia's relationship with Britain http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/australian_republic/50981.stm
migration http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3550241.stm
The fatal shore > Convicts and the European Settlement of Australia 1850-1868 https://victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/ge/huang.html
https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/1999/06/fat-j25.html
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Related > Anglonautes > Vocapedia > Countries
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